Microbial disinfection for personal protection equipment

ABSTRACT

A photosensitizer formulation can be disposed on or in a container. The photosensitizer formulation, when in contact with molecular oxygen and activated by light or ultrasound, produces microbicidal singlet oxygen. A variety of different arrangements and applications are described. For example, an air flow device may also be included to generate a flow of air through or over the photosensitizer formulation.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Utility Patent Application is a Continuation of U.S. Pat.Application Serial No. 17/958,639 filed on Oct. 3, 2022, which is basedon previously filed U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 17/522,811 filed onNov. 9, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,458,220 issued on Oct. 4, 2022, whichis based on previously filed U.S. Provisional Application No.63/192,980, filed on May 25, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No.63/113,060, filed Nov. 12, 2020, the benefit of which is claimed under35 U.S.C. §119(e) and §120, and the contents of each application isincorporated herein expressly by reference.

BACKGROUND

Infectious disease outbreaks and pandemics which are caused by microbialparticles such as viruses or other infectious microorganisms necessitatethe need for and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) byhealthcare workers and staff in medical settings involved with care of,or potentially exposed to infected patients. The actual use of PPE canbe highly variable depending on practice patterns and the availabilityof various types of PPE such as a head covering, a facemask, a faceshield, a gown, or shoe coverings. Also, in non-medical settings, facecoverings of various types may not be used at all. For the generalpublic, the most common type of PPE is a face covering for at least thenose and mouth to reduce the risk of infection by providing a physicalbarrier and/or a filtration function to infectious microorganismssuspended in the air and/or transmitted by hand to face contact.Unfortunately, the amount of protection against infection afforded bythese generally available PPE face coverings is variable due to thewidely varying levels of filtration and barrier materials that areemployed. Additionally, even when a user is properly wearing one or moretypes of PPE that provide a high level of filtration effectivenessand/or relatively non-porous barriers against infectious microorganisms,the user can still become infected when exposed to high-riskenvironments, such as hospitals and clinics, where prolonged contactwith infected patients can occur.

Furthermore, PPE that has a high level of effectiveness is oftendifficult and cumbersome to wear properly. Also, many types of publiclyavailable face coverings that provide a low level of filtrationeffectiveness and/or somewhat porous barriers may also be poorlytolerated for long periods of continuous use by wearers/users. Thephysical contact of a facemask on and over a face of a user can injurethe facial skin, impede voice communication, impair respiration(breathing), and generally feel uncomfortable to the user especiallywhen the facemask is properly (tightly) held against the user’s face.Facemasks can be particularly uncomfortable in hotter climates andchildren may not tolerate wearing a facemask despite the recommendationof authorities of institutions, such as schools, sports programs, or thelike. Other users may object to wearing a facemask on philosophicalgrounds or in the mistaken belief that facemask usage is ineffective forprevention of infections. There is a need for PPE alternatives which aremore comfortable to a user while still being effective at the preventionof infection, normalizing verbal communication and breathing, and whichare likely to be acceptable to wear or use for at least a majority ofthe general population.

Bleach and/or alcohol-based products are often used for disinfection.However, these products may be toxic when they come in contact with auser’s skin or lungs or are ingested. Thus, there is also a need fordisinfection products suitable for a variety of pathogenic microbial andviral exposure situations and settings based on active antimicrobial andantiviral disinfection. The disinfection products can affect the air orsurfaces.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of an article containing aphotosensitizer formulation, e.g., in the form of granulated particles;

FIG. 1B illustrates another embodiment of an article containing aphotosensitizer formulation and having multiple perforations and afilter to facilitate passage of air containing oxygen through thearticle;

FIG. 1C illustrates passage of molecular oxygen through the article ofFIG. 1A to generate microbicidal singlet oxygen;

FIG. 1D illustrates one embodiment of an article containing aphotosensitizer formulation with a blower to direct air through thearticle;

FIG. 1E illustrates one embodiment of an article containing aphotosensitizer formulation and one or more light sources to activatethe photosensitizer formulation;

FIG. 1F illustrates one embodiment of an article containing aphotosensitizer formulation and a fan to facilitate passage of aircontaining oxygen through the article;

FIG. 1G illustrates applying eyedrops containing a photosensitizerformulation to an eye of a user to direct the photosensitizerformulation into the sinuses and nose where the photosensitizerformulation is activated using a light source;

FIG. 1H illustrates one embodiment of a pouch for receiving a face maskand a photosensitizer formulation that is illuminated by a light sourceto disinfect the face mask;

FIG. 1I illustrates one embodiment of a net with an appliedphotosensitizer formulation that is illuminated by at least one lightsource;

FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a film with an appliedphotosensitizer formulation disposed on a chain around a user’s neck;

FIG. 2B illustrates positioning the film of FIG. 2A on the user readyfor deployment;

FIG. 2C illustrates deployment of the film of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2D illustrates one embodiment of a helmet with a face coveringhaving an applied photosensitizer formulation;

FIG. 2E illustrates one embodiment of a curtain of strands, fibers, ormonofilaments having an applied photosensitizer formulation;

FIG. 2F illustrates the curtain of FIG. 2E with some strands, fibers, ormonofilaments drawn apart using a clasp;

FIG. 2G illustrates one embodiment of a bubbler generating bubbles withincorporated singlet oxygen generated by a photosensitizer formulationin the bubbler;

FIG. 2H illustrates one embodiment of a fluorescent detection device;

FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of a headgear with an article, suchas a mesh or net, containing a photosensitizer formulation deployed fromthe headgear;

FIG. 3B illustrates the headgear of FIG. 3A with the article containingthe photosensitizer formulation stored around the headgear;

FIG. 3C illustrates one embodiment of an article having a set of rods orstruts with at least one net containing a photosensitizer formulationattached thereto;

FIG. 3D illustrates the article of FIG. 3C deployed and illuminated by alight source;

FIG. 3E illustrates one embodiment of a cage or container with aphotosensitizer formulation deployed thereon;

FIG. 3F illustrates one embodiment of a face mask with a tube attachedthereto for intake of fluids by a user;

FIG. 4A illustrates one embodiment of a blower, a desiccant layer, and atube with a photosensitizer formulation deployed therein;

FIG. 4B illustrates photoactivation of a photosensitizer formulation togenerate singlet oxygen from ambient molecular oxygen;

FIG. 5A illustrates one embodiment of an airborne device, such as adrone, for spreading singlet oxygen using a photosensitizer formulation;

FIG. 5B illustrates another embodiment of an airborne device, such as adrone, for spreading singlet oxygen using a photosensitizer formulation;

FIG. 6A illustrates one embodiment of a face cover or mask with aphotosensitizer formulation illuminated by an external light source;

FIG. 6B illustrates one embodiment of a mask with a functionalizedgraphene sensor;

FIG. 6C illustrated the mask of FIG. 6B exposed with the sensoractivated;

FIGS. 6D and 6E illustrate an outer surface and an interior surface (orvice versa) of one embodiment of a mask incorporating one or more lightsources which are powered by a battery to illuminate the interior and/orouter surface of the mask;

FIGS. 6F and 6G illustrate an outer surface and an interior surface (orvice versa) of one embodiment of a mask incorporating a window;

FIG. 7A illustrates one embodiment of a saliva immunoglobulin test kit;

FIG. 7B illustrates one embodiment of a saliva collection tube of thesaliva immunoglobulin test kit of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 7C illustrates one embodiment of a system for analyzing the salivaimmunoglobulin test kit of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A illustrates one embodiment of glasses or spectacles with anembedded light source proximate to the bridge of the nose which emitslight to illuminate a mask;

FIG. 8B illustrates one embodiment of a mask with light sources poweredby a battery or solar panel; and

FIG. 8C illustrates the mask of FIG. 8B worn by a user.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, andwhich show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments by which theinvention may be practiced. This invention may, however, be embodied inmany different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Amongother things, the present invention may be embodied as methods ordevices. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of anentirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects. The followingdetailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.

Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take themeanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” or “in at least oneembodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment, though it may. Similarly, the phrase “in another embodiment”as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment,though it may. As used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or”operator and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive andallows for being based on additional factors not described unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout thespecification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferences. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”

The following briefly describes the embodiments of the invention toprovide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. Thisbrief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is notintended to identify key or critical elements, or to delineate orotherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present someconcepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detaileddescription that is presented later.

It shall be understood that the term “microbial”, as used herein refersto an infectious microorganism, pathogen, or agent, including one ormore of a virus, viroid, bacterium, archaea, protists, protozoan, prion,fungus, or the like.

Further, it shall be understood that the term “immunogen”, as usedherein refers to an antigen or any other substance that induces both animmune response by a patient’s immune system and generation ofantibodies that bind to the immunogen.

Briefly stated, various embodiments includes articles, compositions,formulations, or the like that produce singlet oxygen from molecularoxygen using a photosensitizer that is activated using light. Singletoxygen (often denoted as ¹O₂) is an excited form of molecular oxygen anddistinguishable from the triplet ground state of molecular oxygen.Singlet oxygen is unstable but has a relatively low rate of decay undertypical ambient temperatures and pressures. Singlet oxygen is highlyreactive and can be used for microbicidal effect, as described herein.

The articles, compositions, or the like described herein utilize aphotosensitizer formulation with one or more photosensitizers that, whenactivated by absorbed light, generate singlet oxygen from molecularoxygen or generate one or more other reactive species which aremicrobicidal (for example, virucidal). In at least some embodiments,this process is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT). It is understood inthis disclosure that singlet oxygen or other reactive species aregenerated via one or more photoreactions. In at least some embodiments,the generated singlet oxygen or other reactive species produceantimicrobial action by, for example, binding to lipids, proteins,nucleic acids, or other microbial constituents or structures. In atleast some embodiments, the microbicidal action is the result ofreaction of singlet oxygen or other reactive species with lipids,proteins, nucleic acids, and other microbial and cellular constituentsleading to organismal disablement or death.

Singlet oxygen is used herein as an example of a photoactivated reactivespecies. It should be understood that, unless indicated otherwise,“singlet oxygen” can be substituted by any of the other reactive species(or any combination thereof) generated by photoactivation of thephotosensitizer formulation.

Any suitable photosensitizer can be used including any known orcontemplated photosensitizers. Examples of suitable photosensitizersinclude, but are not limited to, methylene blue, methylene bluederivatives, chlorophyll, chlorophyll derivatives, compounds withtetrapyrrole constituents, porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins,phthalocyanines, texaphyrins, prodrugs such as aminolevulinic acid orderivatives thereof, phenothiaziniums, squaraines, boron compounds,photosensitive transition metal complexes, hypericin, riboflavin andother flavins, curcumin, titanium dioxide, psoralens, tetracyclines,erythrosine, indocyanine green, fluorophores such as fluorescein, or thelike or any combination thereof.

Any suitable composition of the photosensitizer can be used including,but not limited to, nanocompositions. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer or a formulation containing the photosensitizer caninclude a substance to affect the photodynamic inactivation process,such as, for example, crystal violet, gold nanoparticles, or the like.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation caninclude a solvent or dispersant, such as water, saline, or any othersuitable solvent or dispersant. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer formulation is aqueous. In at least some embodiments, aphotosensitizer formulation includes one or more surfactants oremulsifiers to facilitate coating (for example, evenly coating) of thephotosensitizer formulation on a hydrophobic surface. Example ofsurfactants or emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, edible ornon-toxic surfactants or emulsifiers such as, for example, lecithin, oneor more milk proteins, one or more amino acids, monoglycerides,glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, propylene glycol, polyglycerol, edible foodoils (for example, food oils derived from soybeans, coconuts, palmkernels, rapeseed, or the like), or the like or any combination thereof.In at least some embodiments, a ratio of surfactant volume tophotosensitizer volume is at least 1:1, 1:2, or 1:3. Other ratios may beused.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation is appliedas a foam. In at least some embodiments, the foam may reduceaerosolization or accidental inhalation or reduce spillage (as comparedto a liquid formulation.) In at least some embodiments, a foam iscreated by mixing air into a photosensitizer formulation (which mayoptionally incorporate a surfactant) contained in a pressurizedcannister.

The term “photobleaching” refers to the degradation of thephotosensitizer molecules by light. Photosensitizer that is degraded canhave reduced, or no, photoactivity. In at least some embodiments,degraded photosensitizer can be replaced or renewed by application ofnew or additional photosensitizer formulation.

Any suitable light source can be used to photoactivate thephotosensitizer formulation including, but not limited to, ambientindoor or outdoor light, light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, laserdiodes, electroluminescent light devices, chemiluminescent andbioluminescent light sources, incandescent light sources,radioluminescent light sources, xenon, or halogen bulbs, or the like orany combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, one or moreoptical fibers can be used to deliver light from a light source, such asa LED, laser, or laser diode, to a photosensitizer formulation. In atleast some embodiments, the light device is battery powered and thebatteries may be rechargeable. The light can be administered in anysuitable manner including, but not limited to, continuously,intermittently, in a pulsed on-off pattern, or in any other suitablepattern, in a ramp mode from dim to dark or vice-versa, randomly, or thelike or any combination thereof.

The spectral output of the light source is selected to overlap thewavelength(s) or waveband(s) of light absorption by the photosensitizerformulation to facilitate photoactivation of the photosensitizerformulation to generate singlet oxygen or other reactive species andproduce a microbicidal action.

In a least some embodiments, intermittent light exposure of thephotosensitizer formulation may reduce the photobleaching rate of thephotosensitizer formulation or prolong useful photoactivation of thephotosensitizer, while still maintaining desired microbicidal action orlevel of microbicidal action.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation ismanufactured in a solid form. In at least some embodiments, the solidphotosensitive formulation is disposed into a transparent container (forexample, a transparent polymeric container) prior to photoactivation. Inat least some embodiments, the solid photosensitizer formulationcomprises at least one binder such as, for example, a sugar, gelatin,starch paste, cellulose, acacia, tragacanth, or any other suitablebinder. In at least some embodiments, the container is opticallytransparent and can be formed from a polymer or other suitable materialthat allows effective light transmission for photoactivation of thephotosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation isgranulated. In at least some embodiments, the solid or granularphotosensitizer formulation is disposed into an optically transparentcontainer, which can be formed from a polymer or other suitablematerial. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “optically transparent”or “transparent”, as applied to a structure containing a photosensitizerformulation, means that at least 50%, 75%, 90%, or 99% of at least onewavelength of light for photoactivating the photosensitizer formation istransmitted through a boundary (e.g., a wall) of the structure.

In at least some embodiments, the optically transparent container ismade of a rigid material so that the container can maintain its shape,for example, a disc, cube, rectangular cuboid, pyramid, or any othersuitable regular or irregular shape. In at least some embodiments, theoptically transparent container is made of a flexible material to form acontainer such as a bag or the like. In at least some embodiments, thematerial of the transparent container is selected to avoid degradationof the material of the container by action of the photosensitizerformulation (or singlet oxygen or other reactive species generated usingthe photosensitizer formulation) for an expected useful lifetime orproduct lifetime of the container.

In at least some embodiments, the optically transparent container for asolid or granulated photosensitizer formulation is perforated to allowairflow through the container and yet contain the photosensitizerformulation granules or solids. In at least some embodiments, theperforations are of smaller diameter than the granules (for example,smaller than at least 80, 90, 95, 99 percent or more of the granules.)In at least some embodiments, a granulated photosensitizer formulation,as compared to a powder photosensitizer formulation, can permit largerdiameter perforations to be incorporated into the container, which mayenable a larger volume of air passage per unit of time. In at least someembodiments, a granulated form of the photosensitizer formulation mayhave a reduced photobleaching rate due to the self-shielding effect ofthe layers of photosensitizer that make up the granules.

FIG. 1A illustrates a transparent container 1 (such as a hollow chambertransparent polymeric disc) containing a granulated or solidphotosensitizer formulation 2. In at least some embodiments, thetransparent container 1 incorporates multiple perforations 3 (FIG. 1B)which permit passage of air (e.g., oxygen) through the upper surface ofthe transparent container 1. In at least some embodiments, a size (forexample, diameter or length) of the perforations is selected based on asize of the granules of the photosensitizer formulation.

In FIG. 1B, the transparent container 1 contains a photosensitizerformulation in the form of powder 4. The underside of the transparentcontainer 1 includes perforations 3 to allow air passage, but retainsthe powdered photosensitizer formulation 4, or includes a filtermaterial 5 that permits air passage but retains the powderedphotosensitizer formulation 4.

As illustrated in FIG. 1C, in at least some embodiments, the transparentcontainer 1 allows the flow of ambient air including molecular oxygen 6through the transparent container and the granulated photosensitizerformulation 2 (or powdered photosensitizer formation 4 of FIG. 1B)disposed therein. Incident light (hv) 7, where v is the wavelength(s) ofthe light, interacts with the granular photosensitizer formulation 2 (orpowdered photosensitizer formation 4 of FIG. 1B) confined within thetransparent container 1 to generate singlet oxygen molecules 8 travelingin the direction of airflow 9.

In at least some embodiments, a device may be coupled to, or positionednear, the transparent container to facilitate airflow through thetransparent container and in contact with the photosensitizerformulation. In at least some embodiments, an article includes anantimicrobial assembly with a housing that is air-permeable and aphotosensitizer formulation disposed in the housing and an air flowdevice to generate a flow of air through the antimicrobial assembly. Inat least some embodiments, the air flow device is a fan, blower, abubbler, a propeller of an airborne device (such as a drone), or thelike or any combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, the airflow device includes a nozzle and the housing of the antimicrobialassembly includes a cup or cap configured to fit on the nozzle of theair flow device.

FIG. 1D illustrates one embodiment, in which a blower nozzle 10 isconnected to blower device 11 and directs the flow air through thetransparent container 1 to generate singlet oxygen 8 to destroy ordeactivate virus particles 12 or other microbial elements. For example,the singlet oxygen 8 may destroy or deactivate the virus particles 12 orother microbial elements by way of an oxidative process.

FIG. 1F illustrates another embodiment in which a fan 15 (for example, abattery-operated fan) is attached to, or positioned near, thetransparent container 1 to pull in ambient oxygen 6 and directs theoxygen through the transparent container 1 resulting in an outflow ofsinglet oxygen molecules 8 into the environment.

In at least some embodiments, the transparent container may incorporatea light source such as a light emitting diode (LED) or array of LEDs. Inat least some embodiments, the transparent container is perforated onboth surfaces to facilitate the flow of air through the container. In atleast some embodiments, the diameter or length of the perforations isselected to prevent or reduce aerosolization of the photosensitizerformulation. FIG. 1E illustrates a transparent container 1 incorporatingone or more light sources (for example, LEDs) 13 that emit of lightcapable of photoactivating the photosensitizer formulation. In at leastsome embodiments, the light sources 13 are powered by rechargeable ordisposable batteries 14.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation isdisposed within a container, such as a cannister, that also includes apropellant or provides a pressurized system for spraying or otherwisedispensing the photosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, a polymeric disc (or other object)containing a powdered or granulated photosensitizer formulation has acup or cap shape. In at least some embodiments, this object fits over anozzle for directing an air stream such as is commonly found on acommercial passenger jet airplane. In at least some embodiments, the cupor cap incorporates a light source. In at least some embodiments, thecup or cap is provided with a thin air permeable filter which preventsor reduces escape of the powdered or granulated photosensitizerformulation as air passes through the photosensitizer formulation. In atleast some embodiments, the cup or cap includes a layer ofphotosensitizer formulation that is very thin (for example, in a rangefrom 0.0001 millimeters to 1.0 millimeters in thickness.) In at leastsome embodiments, the cup or cap is removable enabling optionalreloading of the photosensitizer powder (for example, by way of a screwtop opening) allowing for photosensitizer reloading by a filling device.In at least some embodiments, the cup or cap can be single use ordisposable. In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizerformulation is embedded or injected into a filter material that is airpermeable and the filter material is placed in the cup, cap, or otherobject.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulationincorporates an antimicrobial preservative to prevent microbial growthwithin the photosensitizer formulation or the container. In at leastsome embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation includes a scent. Inat least some embodiments, the scent is bergamot, which is used as apleasing scent, or other compound that is inhalable and can be activatedby light (for example, blue light).

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation includesriboflavin (vitamin B2). In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizerformulation (for example, a photosensitizer formulation with riboflavin)can used as an application in the eye such as, for example, eyedrops. Inat least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation can beapplied to the conjunctival sac of each eye so that the photosensitizerformulation drains slowly into the nasal cavity, via the nasolacrimalduct, where it can be photoactivated by a light source (for example, ablue light source). In at least some embodiments, the rate of drainageof the administered photosensitizer formulation can be adjusted byaltering the viscosity of the photosensitizer formulation. In at leastsome embodiments, the light source (for example, a blue light source) isat least one LED positioned, for example, just inferior to the bridge ofthe nose to transilluminate the nasal cavity. Such an arrangement may beuseful to, for example, provide disinfection, deactivation, ordestruction of airborne pathogens and viruses inhaled through the nose.In at least some embodiments, ambient light may also photoactivate theriboflavin on the conjunctiva. Such an arrangement may be useful fordisinfection, deactivation, or destruction of viruses or other microbeson the eye surface, which is a known route of viral transmission (forexample, transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.)

FIG. 1G illustrates an eye 16 and a dropper 17 which can be used todispense eye drops 18 containing a photosensitizer formulation (forexample, a photosensitizer formation containing riboflavin.) In at leastsome embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation 18 can be instilledinto the conjunctival area, where it can migrate into the duct 19leading to the nasal cavity 20. The photosensitizer formulation in thenose can be activated by light from a light source (for example, a bluelight LED 21) on the nasal skin surface, leading to virucidal ormicrobicidal action within the nose where infection can occur.

In at least some embodiments, a battery powered LED array is mounted ona frame of a pair of glasses (for example, on a medial and inferioraspect of the frame), aiming light into the nasal cavity byincorporating a lens on or near the LEDs. A battery can be incorporatedinto the frame to power the LED array.

In at least some embodiments, riboflavin is incorporated into amouthguard or in the form of a chewing gum. In at least someembodiments, the chewing gum is formulated for time release ofriboflavin into the oral cavity. A light source (for example, a blueLED) can be positioned intraorally (for example, attached to themouthguard or to another oral device) to photoactivate the riboflavin.Other photoactivated compounds can be used instead of riboflavin inthese embodiments.

In at least some embodiments, a high molecular weight (HMW) hyaluronicacid formulation (for example, a hyaluronic acid formulation with amolecular weight of at least 500 kDa) is combined with riboflavin or anyother suitable photosensitizer. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer has a concentration in a range from 0.001 micromolar to200.0 micromolar. This composition can be exposed to a light source (forexample, a blue light source) for photoactivation. In at least someembodiments, the composition can be exposed to ambient light or sunlightfor photoactivation.

In at least some embodiments, a formulation containing the HMWhyaluronic acid formulation and a photosensitizer (such as riboflavin)is prepared for application to skin to promote skin hydration. Forexample, such a composition may reduce the need for extra hand and skinmoisturization as may be needed after use of disinfectant alcoholsolutions which can dry and irritate skin and hands. Unlike alcoholsolutions which are not typically used on the face, in at least someembodiments, the composition of the HMW hyaluronic acid formulation anda photosensitizer (for example, riboflavin) can be used safely on skinsurfaces such as the face repeatedly.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer, such as riboflavin, iscombined with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in a gelformulation. In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer, such asriboflavin, is combined with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid andused as a hair disinfectant (for example, formulated as hair shampoo.)

The photosensitizer formulation can be applied to a variety of differentproducts including, but not limited to, paper products, nets, meshes,screens, woven articles, clothing, garments, cloth articles, or the likeor any combination thereof. The following description provides a numberof different products and product arrangements that can incorporate thephotosensitizer formulation in one or more elements of the product orproduct arrangement. It will be understood that the photosensitizerformulation is applied or otherwise disposed on at least one element ofeach of these product or product arrangements even though not explicitlydescribed in the text below. Each of these products or productarrangements is intended to produce singlet oxygen or other reactivespecies using the photosensitizer formulation on the one or moreelements of the product or product arrangement.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation is appliedto paper products, skin wipes used for skin cleansing, tissues for nasalclearing and nose blowing, toilet paper, paper towels for hand drying,or facial wipes. Reusable, washable materials incorporatingphotosensitizer formulations can be manufactured for cleaning surfacesand for skin disinfection. Towels and face cloths incorporating aphotosensitizer formulation can be used for example, for skindisinfection or drying of wet skin.

Ultrasound can also be used to activate photosensitizers. This has beenreferred to as sonodynamic therapy. An ultrasound transducer can bepositioned near a photosensitizer formulation to activate thephotosensitizer. As an example, in at least some embodiments, anultrasound transducer is affixed to the underside of the chin. Forexample, a strap in the shape of a loop can be positioned around eachear with the transducer held under the chin by tension on the strapsaround the ears. Alternatively, the ultrasound transducer can be affixedunder using a medical grade temporary adhesive. In at least someembodiments, the transducer can be powered by a small, rechargeablebattery incorporated into the ultrasound transducer mechanism.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation can be usedto clean garments, clothing, socks, or the like. The photosensitizerformulation can be added to a washing machine or other cleaning deviceseparately or as part of a detergent composition (or other composition.)In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation includesat least one of methylene blue, riboflavin, erythrosine, or the like orany combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer formulation is an aqueous formulation, a powderformulation, or a tablet formulation. In at least some embodiments, theconcentration of the photosensitizer ranges from 0.001 micromolar to100.0 micromolar. In at least some embodiments, a light source isincorporated into the washing machine or other cleaning device. In atleast some embodiments, a light source (for example, a LED devicecontained within a polymeric transparent shell) is inserted into thewashing machine or other cleaning device and tumbles in the washingmachine or other cleaning device to expose the photosensitizerformulation to the light in order to disinfect the garments, clothing,socks, or the like.

In at least some embodiments, hard or soft sports equipment not suitablefor washing in a standard washing machine can be placed in anappropriately sized rotating drum. The drum can be manually powered ormotorized and can be sized specifically to accommodate the equipment tobe disinfected. In at least some embodiments, the drum is lined withlight sources (for example, one or more arrays of LEDs) which provideillumination to all surfaces of the sports equipment. In at least someembodiments, a light source (for example, a LED device contained withina polymeric transparent shell) is inserted into drum. The light sourcesphotoactivate a photosensitizer formulation which is applied (forexample, as a spray) on the sports equipment or inside the drum whichcontains the sports equipment to be disinfected. In at least someembodiments, the spray is automatically applied under pressure from arefillable reservoir incorporated in the drum. As the drum rotates, thelight sources serve to photoactivate the photosensitizer formulation onthe surfaces of the equipment to be disinfected, as the equipmenttumbles. The speed of rotation can be selected to provide light exposurewhile reducing impact damage to the equipment.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation can beapplied using a roll-on device. For example, the photosensitizerformation can be stored in a light-proof or darkened container and aroller (for example, a roller ball or a cylinder) can be attached to thecontainer. In at least some embodiments, the mouth of the light-proofcontainer and the roller diameter are selected for one or moreproperties, such as, for example, application speed or ease ofapplication to a surface. Examples of surfaces that can receive thephotosensitizer formulation from the roll-on device include, but are notlimited to, mask surfaces, gloves, netting or mesh, clothing orgarments, head coverings or hats, face shields, or the like. In at leastsome embodiments, the light-proof container is made of non-reactive,light-proof polymer or glass. In at least some embodiments, thelight-proof container can be refilled with the photosensitizerformulation using a cap located, for example, at a base of thecontainer. In at least some embodiments, the roller is removed to refillthe light-proof container. In at least some embodiments, the base of thecontainer is flared for stability of the container in the uprightposition. In at least some embodiments, the light-proof container has arectangular cuboidal, cubic, pyramidal, or cylindrical shape forstability. In at least some embodiments, the roller is in the shape andconfiguration of a cylinder which can spread the photosensitizerformulation. In at least some embodiments, a liquid compartment isseparated from a photosensitizer formulation supplied as a powder. Thephotosensitizer formulation is admixed with the liquid prior toapplication using the roller.

In at least some embodiments, the roll-on device is used to apply aphotosensitizer formulation (for example, a formulation containinghyaluronic acid or riboflavin) to a user’s face or other skin surfaces.In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation (forexample, a formulation containing hyaluronic acid and riboflavin) isapplied to the user’s hair or hairless scalp to disinfect the hair orscalp surface.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation iscontained in a preservative-free container (for example, a spray or pumpcontainer) to reduce the need for antimicrobial excipients which couldact as singlet oxygen quenchers.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation (forexample, a formulation containing methylene blue, erythrosine, orriboflavin or any combination thereof) is applied to the inner surfaceof a face mask or face covering. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer formulation has a photosensitizer concentration rangingfrom 0.000001 to 1000.00 micromolar. In at least some embodiments, aphotosensitizer formulation (for example, a formulation containingmethylene blue, erythrosine, or riboflavin or any combination thereof)is applied to the outer surface of a face mask or face covering. Thisapplication can include the rim of the face mask or face covering whereair leakage upon inspiration and exhalation can occur. Singlet oxygengenerated in the air around the face mask or face cover rim candisinfect air, which is potentially microbial contaminated, and leakingaround the rim. In another embodiment, methylene blue or any othersuitable photosensitizer is applied to the inner mask surface closest tothe mouth and nose at a concentration that is below any potential toxicinhalational range. In at least some embodiments, this photosensitizerformulation has a photosensitizer concentration ranging from 0.001 -10.0 micromolar.

In at least some embodiments, a manual or powered, wide surface sprayercan be used to apply a photosensitizer formulation to a PPE surface arealarger than a typical face mask or face cover, such as a gown, a headcover, shoe covers, face shields, or the like.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation is appliedto a film. In at least some embodiments, the film is dark or light-proofand may be polymeric. In at least some embodiments, the film may bepre-applied to a surface, such as a mask surface, a net, or a mesh. Inat least some embodiments, the film covers the photosensitizerformulation to prevent or reduce light activation and avoidphotobleaching or photodegradation of the photosensitizer. The film canbe removed leaving a coating of the photosensitizer formulation on thesurface. The surface optionally has a sticky or electrically chargedsurface (for example, an electret material) that attracts thephotosensitizer molecules to the surface to be disinfected.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formation is appliedbetween two films and one of the films is attached to the surface. Theother film can be removed to expose the photosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, titanium dioxide, optionally incombination with one or more other photosensitizers, is applied to amask, headwear, netting, a gown, other garment, or other surface toenable long lasting photodisinfection. Titanium dioxide is aphotocatalyst that is not prone, or less prone, to photobleaching.

In at least some embodiments, a titanium dioxide layer is separated by athin film from a photosensitizer formulation layer to reduceinactivation of the photosensitizer formulation by the titanium dioxidelayer.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation isprovided in a semi-solid form by adding a solidifying excipient tofacilitate application of the photosensitizer formulation to anysurface. For example, the photosensitizer formulation and excipient canbe incorporated into a stick form similar to a deodorant product.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulationincorporates an ultraviolet (UV) light absorber, such as a UV absorberused in sunscreens or the like. The presence of a UV absorber can reducephotobleaching in outdoor light or other lighting containing UV light.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation is coated onpaper or a paper product. In at least some embodiments, the paper is airpermeable. In at least some embodiments, the coated paper or paperproduct can be used as a disposable barrier screen. For example, thebarrier screen can be used around an infected coughing patient toprotect others from airborne infectious droplets and aerosols. In atleast some embodiments, the paper can be cut into desired dimensions tofit a desired location and position and attached to dowels or rods usingtape, glue, or hook and loop tape and fasteners or any other suitablefastener. In at least some embodiments, a kit could also include linearsleeves and cornering sleeves and supporting stands which accommodatethe ends of the dowels or rods enabling custom assembly of screens intofree standing barriers. These barriers can be linked to provideall-around protection or directional protection.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation is a drypowder. In at least some embodiments, the powder is confined within achamber (for example, a polymeric chamber) with any suitable shape (forexample, a disc, sphere, cylinder, cube, rectangular cuboid, or thelike). In at least some embodiments, the chamber is optically clear, andperforated such that air passes, but confines the powderedphotosensitizer formulation within the disc. In at least someembodiments, filter material, which is preferably transparent to light,is incorporated into the chamber to provide a barrier for the powderthat is also permeable to air and light. The chamber provides a barrierto viral or microbial passage by action of the photosensitizerformulation to create singlet oxygen. Any suitable filtration materialcan be used such as, for example, polypropylene. In at least someembodiments, the filter material is disposed on the upper and lowersurfaces of the chamber or is confined within the air and lightpermeable chamber.

In at least some embodiments, a light source (for example, at least onebattery powered LED) is incorporated into, or attached to, the chamber.In at least some embodiments, the light source is coupled to at leastone optical fiber extending into the chamber to aid in lightdistribution within the chamber.

In at least some embodiments, air is passed through the chambercontaining the photosensitizer formulation (which may incorporate amicrobial filter) under pressure. In at least some embodiments, thechamber is placed in front of a fan or a blower for continuousdisinfection of a large volume of air. In at least some embodiments, afan or blower (which may be battery-powered) is incorporated into thechamber. Such an arrangement may provide a self-contained, portablesinglet oxygen generator.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation is in theform of a solid cake, a granular composition, or a power contained in anair-permeable transparent filter insertable into a chamber or othercontainer.

The photosensitizer formulation can be applied to or otherwise disposedon a mask, net, mesh, screen, or other object to generate singlet oxygenor other reactive species to provide an microbicidal effect as describedabove. A variety of different products and product arrangements aredescribed below that utilize a mask, net, mesh, screen, or other objectwith the photosensitizer formulation applied or otherwise disposedthereon. It will be understood that at least one mask, net, mesh,screen, or other object of the products and product arrangementsdescribed below has the photosensitizer formulation applied or otherwisedisposed thereon for generation of singlet oxygen or other reactivespecies.

FIG. 6A illustrates an external light source 86 which illuminates aphotosensitizer formulation 85 incorporated, embedded, or applied to aface cover or mask 84. FIGS. 6F and 6G illustrates the exterior andinterior, respectively, of a mask 92 that includes a transparent window91.

In at least some embodiments, an immobilized photosensitizer formulationis disposed on a surface. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer formulation is disposed in different concentrations onthe surface. In at least some embodiments, the concentration of thephotosensitizer formulation on the surface is graduated from a lower toa higher concentration of the photosensitizer formulation. The surfacecan be, for example, a surface of a mask, net, mesh, or any othersuitable object that is proximate to a user. The ambient light (or alight source incorporated in, or near, the object) inducesphotoactivation of the photosensitizer formulation and production ofvarying amounts of singlet oxygen. In at least some embodiments,microorganisms, such as viruses, that adhere to, or are in closeproximity to, the surface coated with the photosensitizer formulationare damaged or degraded to different extents. In at least someembodiments, the damage or degraded microorganism may result in thegeneration of antigenic fragments that can be directly or indirectlyadministered as immunogens to the user. In at least some embodiments,the microorganism that is damaged or degraded can be used to generate aneffective repertoire of antigens in this way. These antigens may beinhaled by a user who is wearing a treated mask or net/mesh as a facecovering. The photosensitizer formulation reduces whole microorganismpassage but may not prevent smaller microbial fragments and antigenspassing through to the user’s mouth or nose. An object placed inproximity to the user’s head or face can serve the same function.

In at least some embodiments, a light source incorporated in, or near,the mask, net, mesh, or other object can provide a variable amount ofphotoactivation to produce a varying amount of singlet oxygen at varyingrates. In at least some embodiments, the variable degree of singletoxygen production provides for the production of a range of antigenicfragments which may be immunogenic when inhaled by the user.

In at least some embodiments, varying amounts of a photosensitizerformulation are applied in specific segments to the mask, net, mesh, orother object that is proximate to the user’s face. In ambient light, orusing an incorporated or proximate light source, different degrees ofmicrobial and viral degradation will occur leading to creation of viralfragments and antigens, some of which may lead to a beneficial immunestimulation reaction when inhaled by the user.

The advantage of this microbial antigen exposure is that the user isexposed to the exact pathogenic microorganism in an antigenic form thatis in the ambient environment around the user. Such exposure mayovercome issues that can render vaccines less effective, for examplewhen the vaccine does not match the particular characteristics of thepathogenic microbe, such as can happen with influenza vaccines.

In at least some embodiments, an article includes a substrate; and aphotosensitizer formulation disposed on or in the substrate with aconcentration gradient of the photosensitizer formation along at leastone dimension of the substrate. In at least some embodiments, thesubstrate is a mask or face covering. In at least some embodiments, thesubstrate is a net, netting, or mesh. In at least some embodiments, thesubstrate is a curtain of strands, fibers, or monofilaments. In at leastsome embodiments, the article further includes a light sourceincorporated in, or coupled to, the substrate. A kit can include any ofthese articles and a pair of glasses or other object that incorporatesthe light source. A kit can include any of these articles and a salivaassay to assess a user response to the antigenic particles.

FIG. 8A illustrates glasses or spectacles 96 with an embedded lightsource 97 proximate to the bridge of the nose which emits light 96A toilluminate a mask 97A. Light 96A delivers light to the inner and/orouter surface of the mask 97A.

FIGS. 8B and 8C illustrate a mask 98 with light sources 98A powered by abattery or solar panel 98B. The light sources illuminate the interior ofthe mouth when the jaw 99 is opened.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation, such asriboflavin and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, used on skinsurfaces of the user, such as on the face, can also lead to antigenicfragments which can serve as an immunologic stimulator. For example,transfer of the antigenic fragments from hands touching the face withsubsequent transfer to the mouth can occur which is a common and knownroute of infection.

In at least some embodiments, a test kit specific to detection ofsecretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is included with an antiviral productthat utilizes a photosensitizer formulation to produce singlet oxygen.This test kit can assess the generation of SIgA on mucosal surfaces. Forexample, the test kit may be used to collect and analyze SIgA in salivasamples. The SIgA test kit can be used to quantify the generation ofSIgA before and after use of the immune stimulation from inactivatedviral particles, fragments, or antigens that are generated using thephotosensitizer formulation. In at least some embodiments, testing forthis trained immunity is assessed after photoactivation. Induction oftrained immunity can afford extra protection for the mask user againstpathogens, in addition to the induction of SIgA by the acquired immunemechanisms.

FIGS. 7A to 7C illustrate a saliva immunoglobulin test kit 93 that has asaliva collection tube 94 which is processed and analyzed by a system95.

In at least some embodiments, an oral formulation of beta glucan, whichis a substance found in certain mushrooms, oats, and certain grains, isincluded in a product kit, and used as an oral immune stimulant tofurther boost the beneficial immune response to the photodynamicallygenerated viral antigens and degraded virions. In at least someembodiments, oral dosing of beta glucan can range from 10 to 100 mgkg/day.

In at least some embodiments, light delivered to the mucosal surface ofthe nose and/or mouth is utilized as an adjuvant to increase the immuneresponse to the photodynamically generated viral antigens and degradedvirions. In at least some embodiments, a light source incorporated intoa mask, face cover, net, screen, mesh, or any other surface proximate tothe user’s face can be used for the photodynamic generation of viralantigens and degraded virions, as well as an adjuvant, stimulating abeneficial immune response. Light in the red spectrum, for example,delivered to the skin, wounds, or other tissues has immune stimulatingeffects. Light sources can include, but are not limited to lasers, laserdiodes, light emitting diodes, or other semiconductor light sources suchas those using quantum dot technology. Light wavebands that encompassthe red spectrum from approximately 600 nm to 800 nm are preferred,though spectral light distributions outside of these ranges in thevisible and near infrared spectrum can also be useful.

In at least some embodiments, the light delivered to the mucosa canrange from 1 to 500 joules/cm², or in a range from 10 to 250 joules/cm².In at least some embodiments, multiple intermittent light treatments,for example 1 to 10 treatments/hr or 1 daily treatment, to the mucosacan enhance a beneficial immune response. In at least some embodiments,light is delivered intraorally by an external light source through anopen mouth, or by way of an optical diffusing fiber within the oralcavity with the mouth closed around the optical fiber.

Any bright light source can be used that emits wavebands or wavelengthsof light that are effectively absorbed by the photosensitizerformulation leading to generation of singlet oxygen or other reactivespecies. As an example, a one micromolar solution of methylene blue isactivated by LED based light at a dose of, for example, 120 J/cm onehour to inactivate viruses and bacteria in blood plasma. Any suitablelight source can be used including, but not limited to, light emittingdiodes (LED), xenon lamps, fluorescent bulbs and tubes, incandescentlight bulbs, electroluminescent devices, lasers, or the like or anycombination thereof. In at least some embodiments, a light source isincorporated into support structures such as polymeric rods, struts, orthe like

In at least some embodiments, a disinfection device can contain, andquickly and conveniently disinfect at least one mask or net/mesh. FIG.1H illustrates one example of a disinfection device that includes atransparent pouch 22 that can accommodate at least one face mask 23,net, mesh, or other item for disinfection. In at least some embodiments,the disinfection light device incorporates a light source 24 (forexample, at least one LED) which emits at least one wavelength orwaveband of light capable of being absorbed by the photosensitizerformulation used on the mask or net/mesh surface. In at least someembodiments, the disinfection device includes a device housing, such asthe transparent pouch 22. The device housing can be made of any suitablepolymeric materials. The device housing can be stiff or flexible. Thedevice housing can form a housing for the light source (for example, arechargeable LED light source) and can receive one or more masks, nets,or meshes within the device housing. In at least some embodiments, thedevice housing is gas permeable to enable entry of molecular oxygen fromthe ambient air to produce an effective amount of singlet oxygen. In atleast some embodiments, light is diffused over at least a portion of thesurface of the mask, net, or mesh surface by the light source or byusing at least one optical fiber, or an optical fiber array, coupled tothe light source. In at least some embodiments, the disinfection deviceis dimensioned so that it fits easily into a garment pocket, a purse orhandbag, a backpack, a fanny pack, or the like and can be considered apersonal disinfection device. In at least some embodiments, aphotosensitizer formulation applicator is optionally attached or fixedto the disinfection device using any suitable attachment mechanismincluding, but not limited to, Velcro®.

In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation isprovided, or dispersed within, the interior of the disinfection device.For example, the photosensitizer can be provided in the form of anaqueous spray (which may incorporate a surfactant or an emulsifier), adry powder, or a gel. In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizerformulation is administered through an inlet port in the disinfectiondevice that accommodates a nozzle which is part of a refillablecontainer containing the photosensitizer formulation. The nozzle may beused to coat the mask or PPE surfaces with the photosensitizerformulation.

In at least some embodiments, the disinfection device is shaken,rotated, compressed, or otherwise manipulated manually or using a rollerto disperse the photosensitizer formulation so that it coats the item,material, or fabric to be disinfected. The light source is thenactivated which leads to disinfection by photoactivation of thephotosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, the disinfection device is configured toaccommodate masks or other objects of various sizes and shape. In atleast some embodiments, the disinfection device incorporates arechargeable battery which powers the light source. In at least someembodiments, the disinfection device includes a flexible solar panel torecharge the battery.

In at least some embodiments, additives are incorporated into theinterior of the disinfection device so that the mask, net, mesh, orother object is exposed to the additive(s), Examples of additivesinclude, but are not limited, to, a scented oil or extract, a fragrantsubstance, or the photosensitizer formulation. In at least someembodiments, the disinfection device incorporates a flexible,compressible reservoir containing the photosensitizer formulation and/oradditives in communication with the inner space of the disinfectiondevice. In at least some embodiments, the contents of the reservoir canbe discharged by squeezing or compression into the interior of thedisinfection device prior to photoactivated disinfection.

In at least some embodiments, the disinfection device incorporates anon-off switch that can be manually or automatically controlled or can bepreprogramed to deliver light for a specified, adjustable time period.In at least some embodiments, the disinfection device has an internalcapacity that is large enough to accommodate bulkier garments, headcoverings, face coverings, gloves, shoe covers, or the like. In In atleast some embodiments, the disinfection device is foldable into asmaller configuration (for example, a pocket-sized configuration).

In at least some embodiments, the disinfection device enables a user todisinfect at least one mask, net, mesh, PPE, or other object at anytime, in any location, or on demand to facilitate reliable reuse ofthese items by the user. One possible advantage is that after presumedcontamination by a pathogenic organism, the mask, net, mesh, PPE, orother object can be immediately disinfected in a rapid fashion, enablingconvenient, facile reuse on demand.

In at least some embodiments, the device housing is a flexible polymericpouch that is affixable or attachable to clothing or garments of a user.In at least some embodiments, a mask, net, mesh, or other PPE can bequickly inserted into the attached pouch for disinfection.

In at least some embodiments, the device housing is a flexibletransparent pouch that is large enough to fit over an adult hand and themask to be disinfected. The pouch is deformable such that an adult hand,right or left can be inserted into the pouch. A mask or PPE can begrasped by a user and the pouch is pulled around the mask followed byspraying or applying the photosensitizer formulation to the mask (orPPE) surfaces and the user’s hand. This can be used to disinfect themask (or other PPE) as well as the user’s hand that touched the mask (orother PPE). Alternatively, the mask (or other PPE) is sprayed with thephotosensitizer formulation and then placed into the pouch.

In at least some embodiments, the pouch or container of the disinfectiondevice can be sealed using, for example, a resealable zipper lock, aclamp, or any other suitable sealing mechanism. In at least someembodiments, the mouth of a pouch can be manually maintained in an open,circular of ovoid configuration for ease of mask or PPE insertion. In atleast some embodiments, the inner surface of the device housing caninclude a reflective material, such as a metallized or reflectivesurface coating, Mylar®, or the like, to facilitate more evendistribution of light from the light source.

In at least some embodiments, the disinfection device includes at leastone sponge containing the photosensitizer formulation in a liquid form.In at least some embodiments, the sponge is compressed (for example,manually compressed) to release the photosensitizer formulation leadingto spread on the surface of the mask, net, mesh, PPE, or other object.

In at least some embodiments, a personal pocket-sized illuminator isused by a health care worker or other individual to disinfect a mask,net, mesh, other PPE, or any other suitable object. For example, thedisinfecting can be performed between caring for multiple infectedpatients. In at least some embodiments, the heath care worker can applyan amount of the photosensitizer formulation to the mask, net, mesh, orother PPE prior to insertion into, or application of, the personalilluminator. In at least some embodiments, a larger volume personalilluminator can be deployed to enable disinfection of larger volumegarments such as gowns in any location.

In at least some embodiments, a flexible net, netting, or mesh is madeusing a gas permeable, highly transparent material such as, but notlimited to, polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene, polyesters, polyamides,polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimides, cotton, fiberglass,metal manufactured as a mesh, nanomaterial fibers, ceramic fibers,rayons, silk, polyacrylonitrile, or the like or any combination thereof.The net or mesh may incorporate metallic or other types of coatings toimpart electret properties. The net, netting, or mesh may include one ormore coatings to impart or increase hydrophobicity. In at least someembodiments, the net or mesh is manufactured of a material capable ofwithstanding multiple washings in a standard washing machine. Aphotosensitizer formulation is applied to the net, netting, or mesh. Inat least some embodiments, the net or mesh can be used as, or as partof, a facemask or other face covering.

FIG. 1I illustrates a net 25 with an applied photosensitizer formulation27. A pathogenic virus 12 (or other microbe) which becomes adherent tothe net 25 is inactivated and destroyed by the applied photosensitizerformulation that is photoactivated by LED light 26.

In at least some embodiments, in contrast to conventional facemasks madefrom opaque materials, the use of transparent materials facilitates orenables viewing of the user’s face to detect emotion and facialexpression. By the same token, the use of transparent materials canprovide the user with an unobstructed view of the external environment.Since materials that are electrets may not be entirely optically clearwhen in the form of net, netting, or mesh. In at least some embodiments,the net, netting, or mesh can include a light source, such as at leastone light emitting diode (LED). In at least some embodiments, the lightsource includes a battery that may be disposable or rechargeable. In atleast some embodiments, the light source is coupled to at least oneoptical fiber that is incorporated into the structure of the net,netting, or mesh. In at least some embodiments, the optical fiber(s)is/are woven, glued, or thermally bonded to the net or mesh. The lightsource and optional optical fiber(s) can illuminate the user’s face andprovide light for photoactivation of a photosensitizer formulationapplied to the net or mesh. In at least some embodiments, the lightsource is located lateral to the face of the user, in a superiorlocation relative to the user’s face, or inferior to the user’s face.

In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh includes a lensincorporated into the net, netting, or mesh to facilitate illuminationof the user’s face by the light source and optional optical fiber(s). Inat least some embodiments, a light beam from the light source ispositioned (for example, using the lens or the optical fiber(s)) suchthat light falls upon the user’s face and is reflected outwards, thusimproving visibility of the user’s face. In at least some embodiments,positioning of the light source, optional optical fiber(s), and optionallens is such that the user’s eyes are protected from direct illuminationfrom the light source falling upon the user’s retinas. In at least someembodiments, the light source provides lighting to highlight specificfeatures of the user’s face. In at least some embodiments, the lightsource produces white light, but other colors of light may be providedby a light source or, at least in some embodiments, the color of thelight may be selectable.

FIGS. 6D and 6E illustrate an outer surface 89 and an interior surface90 (or vice versa) of a mask incorporating one or more light sources 85which are powered by a battery 90A which illuminates the interior and/orouter surface 89, 90 of the mask to activate the photosensitizerformulation incorporated, embedded, or applied to the mask.

In at least some embodiments, a non-imaging diffusing lens isincorporated in the center, or off center (by a range of 1.0 mm to 3.0cm), of a mask or other face covering permitting light to enter theinterior of an opaque mask or face covering. The lens may direct lightto induce photodynamic action within the mask interior, for example,when the inner lining proximate to the mouth and nose are coated with aphotosensitizer formulation.

In contrast to the type of generally uniform netting fibers, strands, ormonofilaments which would be used to prevent passage of insects, in atleast some embodiments, a net, netting, or mesh incorporates tiny bumps,micro-projections, or hair-like projections in the strands which serveto increase the surface area on which the photosensitizer formulationcan be deposited or applied. An increased amount of photosensitizerformulation can increase the amount of singlet oxygen produced andprolong the period of time over which singlet oxygen is produced byreducing the impact of loss of active photosensitizer due tophotobleaching. In at least some embodiments, the fibers or strands ofthe net, netting, or mesh include microscopic pits to increase thesurface area of the fibers or strands and increase the amount ofphotosensitizer formulation that can be deposited or applied to thefibers or strands as compared to a smooth surface.

In at least some embodiments, any of the nets, nettings, or meshesdescribed herein can have 500 to 2000 holes per square inch (forexample, 75 to 300 holes per square centimeter.)

In at least some embodiments, a wearable article; a mesh, net, netting,screen, or curtain of strands, fibers, or monofilaments coupled to thewearable article, storable in a stored configuration on or within thewearable article, and deployable to a deployed configuration; and aphotosensitizer formulation disposed on or in the mesh, net, netting,screen, or curtain. In at least some embodiments, is a hat, helmet, orother headgear. In at least some embodiments, is a chain or piece ofjewelry. In at least some embodiments, the assembly includes a pulleysystem to return the mesh, net, netting, screen, or curtain from thedeployed configuration to the stored configuration. In at least someembodiments, the assembly includes a rod coupled to the mesh, net,netting, screen, or curtain to facilitate deployment of the mesh, net,netting, screen, or curtain.

In at least some embodiments, a head net or face net is coated with aphotosensitizer formulation. In at least some embodiments, the head orface net is 5 to 50 cm in length. In at least some embodiments, the heador face net is incorporated into, or attached to, a brim of a hat, abill portion of a baseball style cap, or a visor style of headwear. Inat least some embodiments, the bill of the cap and the visor areinterchangeable structures. In at least some embodiments, the head orface net can be folded and compressed in an accordion-like or crinkledarrangement and positioned, for example, around the brim of a hat or onthe bill of a cap.

In at least some embodiments, a head net when deployed surrounds thehead completely in a 360-degree arc in an arc of at least 90, 135, 180,200, 225, 240, or 270 degrees. In at least some embodiments, a face net,when deployed, is anterior and lateral to the face, for example, in anarc of at least 90, 120, or 180 degrees. In at least some embodiments,an inferior aspect of the head or face net incorporates a wire aroundthe bottom edge. In at least some embodiments, a string, wire, or chainis attached to the wire. In at least some embodiments, the inferioraspect of the head net or face net contains at least one weight (forexample at least one metallic rod which may weigh, for example, 1 to 10grams) to facilitate deploying or unfurling the head net or face net. Inat least some embodiments, when compressed in an accordion-like fashion,a catch mechanism prevents the string, wire, or chain from deploying. Inat least some embodiments, the weight of the metallic rod serves tounfurl the head or face net rapidly, due to gravitational pull on theweight, when the catch is released.

In at least some embodiments, a pulley system incorporating a string,wire, or chain enables the user to recompress the head or face net. Inat least some embodiments, the pulley system includes a small plasticwheel (for example, 2 to 10 mm in diameter) over which the string, wire,or chain runs. In at least some embodiments, the wheel rotates around anaxis formed by a strut incorporated into the hat brim or cap billlaterally, one on each side. In at least some embodiments, the distalend of string, wire, or chain incorporates a bead which is grasped bythe user, and when pulled in an inferior direction, compresses the heador face net. In at least some embodiments, the wire, string, or chainruns in a channel, tunnel, or sleeve (for example, 2 to 5 mm indiameter). In at least some embodiments, the channel, tunnel, or sleeveis created by rolling the lateral edges on each side of the face net andattaching the entire long edge creating a tube through which the wire,string, or chain runs. In at least some embodiments, the head netincorporates a channel, tunnel, or sleeve which travels the length ofthe net laterally on both sides, through which the wire, string, orchain, runs. In at least some embodiments, the distal end of each wire,string, or chain is attached to the wire at the inferior edge of thehead or face net. When the wire, string, or chain is pulled by graspingthe bead(s), the net is drawn up in a superior direction exposing theface, or only the mouth, so that food can be eaten, and drink can beimbibed. In at least some embodiments, the wire, string, or chain iskept in place by a catch mechanism, and released on demand by the user,for example between bites of food and between sips of liquid, bysimultaneously pulling on the wire, string, or chain to release the headof face net.

FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of a hat 52 and a net 53 coated witha photosensitizer formulation. The net 53 hangs from the curvilinearedge of the hat brim 54 to provide a protective screen in front of theuser’s face and nose/mouth 55. In at least some embodiments, acurvilinear stiffening rod 56 is provided around the base of net 53. Inat least some embodiments, an end of a drawstring 57 is attached to abead 58 which aids in grasping the drawstring 57. The other end of thedrawstring 57 is attached to the rod 56. When the user grasps thedrawstring 57/bead 58 and pulls in a downward direction, the net 53 israised by way of pulley wheel system 59 which is incorporated into thehat 52, for example, at the point where the lateral edge of the hat brim54 joins the hat 52. This opens the net to expose the user’s face. Theretracted position of the net 53 just below the outer rim of the hatbrim 54 is shown as the bunched net 53′ in FIG. 3B.

In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh with aphotosensitizer formulation applied thereto is supplied in packagingthat is light-proof. In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, ormesh can be rolled-up, folded, compressed, or otherwise arranged in asmaller configuration. In at least some embodiments, the packaging ispolymeric or metallic or any combination thereof. In at least someembodiments, the packaging is cylindrical. In at least some embodiments,the cylindrical packaging includes a dowel, bar, or tube, alsocylindrical in shape, running along at least a portion of the length ofthe packaging. The net, netting, or mesh can be wound around the dowel,bar, or tube during storage. In at least some embodiments, an edge ofthe net, netting, or mesh can be grasped and pulled in one direction torotate the net, netting, or mesh material on an axis around the dowel,bar, or tube deploying the net or mesh as a screen. In at least someembodiments, a photosensitizer formulation can be added to the packagingas needed when the screen is rolled back into the packaging using a handcrank or other device attached to the dowel, bar, or tube to enablecontinued antiviral activation when the net, netting, or mesh isre-deployed as a screen, after reapplication of the photosensitizerformulation in the packaging to the net, netting, or mesh.

In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is packaged andstored in a folded state and can be deployed by unfolding. In at leastsome embodiments, after use, the net, netting, or mesh can be refoldedand placed back in the packaging. In at least some embodiments, aphotosensitizer formulation can be reapplied to the net, netting, ormesh when refolded or prior to redeployment.

In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is attached torods or struts (which may be supplied at different lengths) and can befolded or otherwise arranged as a pre-assembled product and optionallyprecoated with a photosensitizer formulation (or the photosensitizerformulation can be applied when the product is deployed.) The rods orstruts are connected by hinges and can be deployed into a generallycuboid, rectangular cuboid, pyramid, sphere, or any other suitableregular or irregular shape.

In at least some embodiments, the product, when deployed, can form afree-standing structure. In at least some embodiments, the free-standingstructure is a tent-like or cage-like structure and, at least in someembodiments, is capable of housing or isolating individuals or groups ofindividuals, animals, birds, or other living creatures. In this manner,transmission of virus or other pathogenic microbes can be prevented orreduced by way of photoactivation by light interaction with thephotosensitizer formulation to produce singlet oxygen.

In at least some embodiments, the rods or struts are hollow and can bepre-filled with a photosensitizer formulation in a liquid solution. Inat least some embodiments, the hollow rods or struts can incorporatepores, holes, or slits which allow the photosensitizer formulation toslowly flow onto the attached net, netting, mesh, or screen. In at leastsome embodiments, the net, netting, mesh, or screen can be configured tofacilitate dispersal of the photosensitizer formulation by capillaryaction or wicking to renew the photosensitizer formulation on the net,netting, mesh, or screen from the rod or strut reservoir. In at leastsome embodiments, this arrangement can be used to maintain or renewphotodynamic disinfection as the photosensitizer is photobleached.

In at least some embodiments, one or more of the rods or struts canincorporate at least one light source, such as a battery powered LEDarray. This light source can provide the activating light for thephotosensitizer formulation or can augment the ambient light. In atleast some embodiments, the net, netting, mesh, or screen is made atleast partially of metal such as is used in common window screens. In atleast some embodiments, the net, netting, mesh, or screen is made atleast partially of a tear-resistant, polymeric material such as can befound in mosquito and bed netting. In at least some embodiments, therods or struts or other supports for the net, netting, mesh, or screenincludes nitinol wire or other shape memory materials.

In at least some embodiments, the net or mesh incorporates a hinged,folding frame (which may be lightweight) with a stand. In at least someembodiments, the frame stretches the net or mesh into a flat,two-dimensional configuration. Alternatively, in at least someembodiments, the frame can be opened such that it forms an angle. Forexample, the frame may allow the net, netting, screen, or mesh to assumea “V” shape.

FIG. 3C illustrates one embodiment of three rods 60 in a collapsedconfiguration. A net 61 (indicated by cross-hatching) is attached to therods 60 along the edges of the rods. The net 61 is folded or bunched. Aphotosensitizer formulation coats the net 61. The rods 60 are joined byhinges 62 so that the rods 60 and net 61 can form a contiguousstructure. Flat stands 63 are attached to the two distal ends of thecontiguous structure formed by the rods 60. FIG. 3D illustrates thefully deployed net 64 attached to the deployed rods 60′ which are movedinto the position shown on the axis enabled by the hinges 62. The rods60′ are supported by the stands 63 and enable the deployed net 64,coated by the photosensitizer formulation, to act as an antimicrobial(e.g., antiviral) shield or barrier when illuminated by ambient light orby one or more light sources 65.

In at least some embodiments, a structure with the net, netting, mesh,or screen can provide an enclosure to house or isolate infected orpotentially infected creatures such as, for example, farm animals orpets. In at least some embodiments, a structure can provideinterconnected spaces with optional slits or openings such as loose orzipper bearing flaps, in the net, netting, mesh, or screen to allow formovement of creatures between the spaces if desired. Slits or openingsin the net, netting, mesh, or screen may also allow a caretaker accessto the interior of the structure for cleaning, feeding, caring, andmonitoring the creatures. In at least some embodiments, tear resistantpolymers or metals can be used for the net, netting, mesh, or screen toprevent or reduce rips and tears in the enclosure. Any suitablethickness or pattern of the net, netting, screen, or mesh can be used.In at least some embodiments, one or more light sources can beincorporated into the framework of the enclosures. In at least someembodiments, light sources may enhance photodisinfection at night or atlow ambient light levels.

In at least some embodiments, the structure or enclosure can incorporatea polymeric or metallic floor. In at least some embodiments, thestructure or enclosure can be stacked.

FIG. 3E illustrates a four-walled, roofed animal house 66 that includesa metallic screen 64 that is coated with the photosensitizerformulation. The screen 64 form at least four walls and the roof of theanimal house 66. In at least some embodiments, a flexible net 64′incorporating a slit 67 enables an animal caretaker to reach into theinterior of animal house 66 as needed. The flexible net 64′ can also becoated with the photosensitizer formulation.

Any of the nets, nettings, screens, or meshes described herein canincorporate polymeric strands, filaments, wicks, hollow perforatedtubes, or elongate channels to provide for capillary action or wicking.When in contact with photosensitizer formulation, capillary action orwicking can provide for delivery of the photosensitizer formulation ontothe net, netting, screen, or mesh to renew the photosensitizerformulation.

In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, screen, or meshincorporates biodegradable material such as, for example, polylacticacid and derivatives thereof, silks, lactides, caprolactones,dioxanones, and glycolides.

In at least some embodiments, a film, net, netting, screen, or mesh canbe made using cellulose and coated with the photosensitizer formulation.In at least some embodiment, the cellulose film, net, netting, screen,or mesh can be optically transparent.

In at least some embodiments, three-dimensional (3D) printing or anyother suitable manufacturing method is used to make a clear polymer,microperforated screen that can be rigid or can be a flexible film. Inat least some embodiments, a clear, flexible, microperforated film canbe coated with the photosensitizer formulation and folded into a shapethat can be contained in a jewelry pendant or locket to be worn by auser on a chain, string, or thick filament around the neck of the user.In at least some embodiments, the pendant or locket is hollow and hingedso that it can contain the film. The pendant or locket can be opened andthe film deployed to produce singlet oxygen via the photosensitizerformulation. In at least some embodiments, the film is attached to theelongate jewelry pendant or locket so that when the pendant or locket isopen, the film can hang vertically and be positioned around or over theuser’s nose and mouth. In at least some embodiments, as an example, thechain, string, or thick filament can be displaced from around the user’sneck to a superior location such that it rests on the bridge of theuser’s nose and over the ears in the superior retroauricular locationwhere the temple portion of the earpieces of a pair of glasses typicallyrests.

In at least some embodiments, a flexible, clear, microperforated film,coated with the photosensitizer formulation, can function as a mask. Inat least some embodiments, the film can be rolled up on a neck chain,string, or thick filament and positioned on the posterior aspect of theuser’s neck. When the mask is desired, the film can be rotated to theanterior position of the neck to enable use by the user. In at leastsome embodiments, the neck chain, string, or thick filament segment withthe attached film is draped on the bridge of the user’s nose and aroundthe ears, where the superior skin surface of the ear canal connects tothe skin of the head. In at least some embodiments, a chin strap orfastener is provided as a component of the neck chain, string, or thickfilament for use as a thin chin strap positioned under the user’s chinto hold the film in place in front of the user’s nose and mouth.

FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a neck chain, string, or thickfilament 28 which is worn around the user’s neck 29. A rolled up, clear,flexible, microperforated film 30, coated with the photosensitizerformulation, is disposed on the neck chain, string, or thick filament28. When not in use, the film 30 can be positioned posterior to theneck. In FIG. 2B, the neck chain, string, or thick filament 28 is shownrotated and, in FIG. 2C, the film 31 is unrolled in front of the user’snose and mouth 32. In at least some embodiments, a chin strap 33 isattached to the neck chain, string, or thick filament 28. When inposition, the film 31, coated with the photosensitizer formulation, canprotect the user’s nose and mouth 32 to provide a physical shieldingeffect through antimicrobial (e.g., antiviral) photoactivation viaambient light absorption by the photosensitizer formulation resulting insinglet oxygen generation. In at least some embodiments, the superioraspect of neck chain, string, or thick filament 28 is draped over thebridge of nose 35 and positioned over the ears 34 in a similar fashionto a pair of glasses enabling the film 31 to cover the nose and mouth32.

In at least some embodiments, a transparent net can be easily and safelypositioned around the head of an infected coughing patient. Patientsafflicted with respiratory viral infections can cough droplets into theair harboring many millions of highly infectious viral particles whichcan travel many feet. These patients are typically cared for inisolation rooms with frequent air exchange to reduce airbornetransmission risk. Despite this and other surface cleaning methods,healthcare workers caring for ill patients in these settings are at anelevated risk of contracting infections by viral inhalation or touchinginfected surfaces including the PPE they are using, equipment surfaces,and the patient. Patients who are sneezing and coughing are often notable to wear a close-fitting mask over the nose and mouth due to theunpleasant sensation of contamination and wetness due to sputum, saliva,and mucus expectorated or sneezed into the mask surface proximate to thepatient’s face.

In at least some embodiments, headwear with an attached net surroundsthe patient’s face and acts as a physical and an active anti-infectivebarrier due to the applied, light-activated photosensitizer formulationthat is coated on the net and, optionally, the headwear. A patient whois coughing, sneezing, or exhaling pathogens into the air is treated inthe prone position on a bed which aids in respiration. In at least someembodiments, a protective mesh or net with a coating of thephotosensitizer formulation is positioned around the patient’s head toreduce exposure of heath care workers and others in the patient’simmediate environment and reduce contamination of the room and equipmentand objects in the patient’s room. In at least some embodiments, whenthe patient is in the prone position which improves respiration, the netsurrounding the patient’s face is braced in position using one or morethin rods or the like. In at least some embodiments, the thin rods canbe positioned in a “U”-shaped orientation or a dome-shaped orientationto hold the netting away from the patient’s face. In at least someembodiments, the distal ends of the “U”-shaped rods or dome-shaped rodsare in contact with the patient’s bed and the superior surface of the“U”-shaped or dome-shaped rods surrounds the patient’s head and face.

In at least some embodiments, the net (for example, an electret net)contains a series of baffles on the side of the net the patient’s face.The net surrounding the face and the baffles are coated with thephotosensitizer formulation and also serve to enhance the capture ofsputum, saliva, mucus, and respiratory droplets that would otherwise beejected into the environment. The net/baffle head and face covering ispreferably disposable because it will likely be contaminated.

In at least some embodiments, a net, netting, or mesh coated with thephotosensitizer formulation, as well as the baffles, are made using anelectret material that can aid in trapping airborne virus. In at leastsome embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is optically transparent.The baffles are attached on at least one edge to the net, netting, ormesh with encompasses the patient’s head and face to hold the baffles inplace.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation is appliedto a suit that includes a head and face protector contiguous with atleast a neck and chest protector. In at least some embodiments, theseprotectors are made from a lightweight, flexible, breathable, opticallytransparent material. In at least some embodiments, the head, face,neck, arm, hand, and chest protector are fashioned into a transverseshape, shielding and protecting the anterior half of the body. In atleast some embodiments, the material of these protectors is suspendedfrom a frame allowing a user to step into the protective garment withthe user’s arms extended, hands extended into gloves, and the user’sface and head simultaneously moving into a position inside of the headand face and neck protector. In at least some embodiments, the materialof the neck and chest protector, as well as the gloves, is impermeableto fluids. The head protector optionally includes a mesh or net attachedto a hat that is designed to keep the mesh or net from contacting theuser’s skin.

In at least some embodiments, an optically transparent face shield isincorporated into a head protector and bonded to a net. The face shieldcan protect the face from fluid splashes and airborne contamination. Thelateral aspects of the headwear include a mesh or net coated with thephotosensitizer formulation to facilitate respiration by the user andlimit facial sweat.

In at least some embodiments, the suit is kept in a folded configurationin a light-proof package or container which can be rapidly opened in anemergency. In at least some embodiments, the suit is folded in such away so that the head protector is exposed first, grasped first, andpulled over the user’s head by the user. Then the arms are inserted intothe sleeves, and the hands into the gloves. Then the chest protector issecured using, for example, a simple clasp, or a magnetic closure,posteriorly.

During a medical emergency involving a patient who is infected or maypossibly be infected with a transmissible virus, or dangerousmicroorganism, in at least some embodiments, a physician, nurse, orother healthcare worker can open a lightproof cabinet or a lightproofbag containing any of the suits described above. In at least someembodiments, the donning sequence for the suit can be taught or trainingsessions conducted to enable emergency effective use of this rapiddonning suit.

In at least some embodiments, a net, netting, or mesh (which may betransparent or rigid or both) is incorporated into a helmet, such as ahead-protective sports helmet, with the net, netting, or mesh positionedand affixed in front of the user’s face. In at least some embodiments,the net or mesh is attached to the rim of the helmet or to a protectivegrille which may be part of the helmet protecting the face. In at leastsome embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is attached and held in astretched, fully deployed arrangement to prevent direct contact with theuser’s face. The net, netting, or mesh is coated with thephotosensitizer formulation to facilitate disinfection of air proximateto the user’s mouth and nose prior to inhalation. The net, netting, ormesh may also disinfect the user’s exhaled air as it passes through thenet, netting, or mesh.

In at least some embodiments, a sport participant’s face and head isprotected by a helmet or a hat that includes a shield over the face. Inat least some embodiments, the shield is flexible or semi-flexible andcan be optically clear. The shield can be coated with thephotosensitizer formulation. In at least some embodiments, the shieldaccommodates and enables deep and rapid breathing. In at least someembodiments, the shield incorporates a system of baffles which arecoated with the photosensitizer formulation. The incorporation ofbaffles increases the surface area which can trap and disinfect airbornepathogens, microbials, and viruses.

In at least some embodiments, a military style protective helmet (orother helmet, such as a motorcycle helmet or bicycle helmet) includes anet, netting, or mesh that is coated with a photosensitizer formulation.In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is suspendedfrom the forehead rim portion of the helmet. In at least someembodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is attached to the helmet rimlateral to the face on both sides of the helmet to protect the side ofthe face. In at least some embodiments, the net, netting, or mesh can becamouflage-colored or printed with a camouflage pattern.

In at least some embodiments, the helmet, net, netting, or mesh canincorporate at least one LED, an LED array, or any other suitable lightsource. For example, a light source can be affixed to the anterioraspect of the helmet above eye level. In at least some embodiments, thelight source is powered by a battery (which may be rechargeable) or by asolar panel incorporated into the helmet. In at least some embodiments,the battery can be incorporated in the helmet. In at least someembodiments, the helmet can include at least one optical fiber coupledto the light source. In at least some embodiments, each optical fibercan run the length of the net, netting, or mesh vertically orhorizontally or in any other direction or combination of directions. Inat least some embodiments, a network of optical fibers to distributelight across the mesh, netting, or net can facilitate a very low lightlevel that photoactivates the photosensitizer formulation and may alsoreduce unwanted detectability in low light level conditions. In at leastsome embodiments, indocyanine green (ICG) is used as a photosensitizerin the photosensitizer formulation to the net, netting, or mesh.Illumination of ICG with dim near infrared light may reduce risk ofdetection of the light when used in dark environments.

The net, netting, or mesh can be flexible or stiff. In at least someembodiments, the net, netting, or mesh is arranged on the helmet so thatit is positioned away from the face (for example, by at least onecentimeter.)

FIG. 2D illustrates a helmet 36 incorporating a net or mesh 37 coatedwith a photosensitizer formulation. The net or mesh 37 providesmicrobiocidal protection in ambient or applied light 7.

In at least some embodiments, optically clear fibers, strands, ormonofilaments can be oriented vertically (or in any other direction(s))and coated with the photosensitizer formulation. In at least someembodiments, the fibers, strands, or monofilaments hang in a verticalorientation in front of the user’s face when the user is in an uprightposition. In at least some embodiments, the fibers, strands, ormonofilaments can be separated manually by the user enabling the user toeat and drink by reaching through the vertically oriented fibers,strands, or monofilaments. In at least some embodiments, the curtain offibers, strands, or monofilaments hangs from an elastic band or strapwhich wraps around a hat or around the head of the user. The fibers,strands, or monofilaments are coated with the photosensitizerformulation to disinfect air around the user and reduce infection byairborne viruses or other microbes.

In at least some embodiments, the fibers, strands, or monofilaments aredraped from a flexible chain, string, wire, or cable that fits aroundsthe user’s ears and bridge of the user’s nose. This arrangement canprovide a scaffold from which the strands, fibers, or monofilaments aresuspended and can, in at least some embodiments, appear as a verticallyoriented screen-like curtain. The strands, fibers, or monofilaments arecoated with a photosensitizer formulation which when exposed to lightcreates a microbiocidal (e.g., virucidal) singlet oxygen barrier infront of the user’s nose and mouth. In at least some embodiments, whenthe user is eating or drinking, a mechanical pulley system is coupled tothe strands, fibers, or monofilaments to retract the strands, fibers, ormonofilaments in two directions laterally, exposing the user’s mouth sothat food or liquid can be directed into the user’s mouth. In at leastsome embodiments, the pulley system is automated such that a sensordetects the user’s hand and arm motion towards the user’s mouth andretracts the curtain.

In at least some embodiments, a small magnetic clasp enables quick andconvenient change of position of the vertically hanging strands, fibers,or monofilaments into a bunched or clustered position. When the magneticclasp is disengaged, the strands, fibers, or monofilaments, can resumethe vertical protective position in front of the user’s mouth and nose.

FIGS. 2E and 2F illustrate fibers, strands, or monofilaments 39 hangingin a vertical orientation in front of the user’s face when the user isin an upright position. The fibers, strands, or monofilaments 39 arecoated with a photosensitizer formulation that is photoactivated byambient or other light 7 to produce microbicidal (e.g., virucidal)singlet oxygen 8. In FIG. 2F, the fibers, strands, or monofilaments areshown drawn away together as indicated by position 40 to permit accessto the user’s mouth 41 through the gap 42. Magnetic clasp 52 is showndrawing fibers, strands, or monofilaments 40 together.

In at least some embodiments, a person at an eating establishment dons atransparent head net coated with a photosensitizer formulation whichincorporates a small magnet located at the bottom of net, and a secondmagnet incorporated into the head net at a level which is approximatelyone inch (about 2.5 centimeters) above the level of the mouth. The useruses one hand to raise the bottom of the head net above the mouth level,and engages the two magnets, which creates a space for delivery of foodand drink by the other had to the user’s mouth. The magnets aredisengaged after food or drink are in the mouth, re-establishing fullface protection.

In at least some embodiments, the vertically oriented fibers, strands,or monofilaments coated with a photosensitizer formulation areincorporated into a bed net which encloses an infected patient. In atleast some embodiments, the fibers, strands, or monofilaments form acurtain positioned proximate to the patient’s face so that a caregiveris able to reach through the curtain to feed the patient, administeroral medications, measure the patient’s temperature, or the like. In atleast some embodiments, the user has a curtain of fibers, strands, ormonofilaments as described above and sits within a netting or mesh. Thefibers, strands, or monofilaments, as well as the netting or mesh, arecoated by a photosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, a transparent head net incorporates atleast one small magnet which is attached to a thin, stiff rod along thebottom edge of the net. A second magnet of opposite polarity isincorporated into the head net at a distance of between 1-3 centimeters,above the level of the upper lip, laterally, or in the midline withrespect to the mouth. The bottom magnet at the free edge of the head netis located in the midline of the rod, or at the lateral edge of the rodon the right or the left side of the user. If the user is right-handed,the left hand is used to vertically lift the magnet and brings the lowermagnet of opposite polarity up to meet the upper magnet which engagemagnetically. Thus, a space is created through which the user can passhis/her hand, holding a fork or spoon for example, into his/her mouth.In a similar fashion, the user can sip liquids from a glass or cup orfrom a straw. In at least some embodiments, during the act of chewing orswallowing, the magnetic clasp is disengaged by the same hand used toengage the magnets and lower the head net back to the fully protectiveposition. In this way, the nose and eyes of the user remain protected atall times by the head net while eating or drinking.

In at least some embodiments, a facemask allows fluids to be imbibedwithout removal of the facemask. The facemask incorporates a polymerictube similar to a drinking straw that transgresses the face maskmaterial at one lateral edge of the mask. In at least some embodiments,two polymeric tubes similar to drinking straws penetrate a face mask,with one tube near one lateral edge, and the other located at theopposite side, near the other lateral edge. In at least someembodiments, the tube is flexible and penetrates the face mask materialsuch that the outer wall of the tube is flush with the face maskmaterial and sealed at the penetration point. In at least someembodiments, the distal end of the tube is closed with an air- andfluid-tight polymeric membrane to prevent or reduce entry of aerosols orairborne infected droplets. The membrane can be pierced by a separatedrinking straw with a beveled tip. In at least some embodiments, theinner diameter of the tube ranges from two millimeters to fivemillimeters and the length of the tube external to the face mask rangesfrom 1 centimeter to 6 centimeters in length. In at least someembodiments, at the tube penetration point into the face mask, the innertube length ranges from 3 to 6 centimeters in length. In at least someembodiments, the inner tube is attached or fixed to the inner masksurface, with the exception of the proximal tip which makes a 45 to90-degree bend, with the proximal extension not in contact with theinner mask surface having a length of 1 to 3 centimeters.

In at least some embodiments, the proximal opening of the tube isproximate to the user’s lips but isn’t in contact with the user’s lips.However, the user is able to extend his/her lips to surround theproximal opening of the inner polymeric tube, which is open, and thusable to imbibe liquids while wearing the face mask. In at least someembodiments, liquids are delivered through a separate straw that piercesthe distal membrane of the external segment of the tube. In at leastsome embodiments, the external segment of the tube lies flat against theouter surface of the face mask, extending in a lateral direction, awayfrom the center point of the face mask. In at least some embodiments,each opening of the tube can be crimped, the outer distal end of thetube manually, and the inner proximal opening crimped by pressureexerted by the user’s lips. Crimping both ends of the tube obviates riskof airborne aerosol or droplet transmission into the interior volume ofthe mask.

In at least some embodiments, the tube incorporates filtration materialas is used for water filtration in products such as LifeStraw® as anadded barrier, preventing accidental microbial ingestion. The distal endof the polymeric tube can also be sealed using a biocompatible pressuresensitive adhesives coating and/or by incorporating a high surfaceenergy plastic at the distal tip, and optionally at the proximal tip toaid in creating a seal after imbibing liquid with pressure applied tothe tube ends.

FIG. 3F illustrates one embodiment of a face mask 23′ with straps 68 forpositioning the mask. A flexible polymeric tube 69 is affixed to theinner surface of face mask 23′ and has a right-angle bend 70 to enablethe user wearing the face mask 23′ to engage the tube 69 with his/herlips for purposes of imbibing liquids. In at least some embodiments,liquids are delivered by way of a beveled straw 71 which extends to aliquid container. The beveled straw 71 is inserted into the mouth ofpolymeric tube 69′ which is located on the outer surface of face mask23′.

In at least some embodiments, applicators can be used to dispense andevenly apply the photosensitizer formulation to a surface to bedisinfected or to provide a disinfection-active surface. In at leastsome embodiments, the handle of the applicator is made of a flexible,compressible polymer that is configured as a hollow cylinder. Thecylindrical handle is grasped in one hand and, when gently squeezedforces, an amount of the photosensitizer formulation out of the distalend of the applicator. In at least some embodiments, the amount ofphotosensitizer formulation delivered to the distal end of theapplicator is proportionate to the compressive force generated by thesqueezing action. In at least some embodiments, the distal end of theapplicator is a sponge or a squeegee. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer formulation is delivered to the distal end of theflexible polymeric squeegee by way of a series of hollow channelsincorporated into the substance of the squeegee blade. The hollowchannels can be oriented in parallel or in a fan shape and terminate inan opening at the distal end of the squeegee blade for delivery of thephotosensitizer formulation to a surface.

In at least some embodiments, a childproof cap protector covers thedistal sponge applicator. In at least some embodiments, the cap preventsunwanted spillage or dispensing of the photosensitizer formulation, aswell as protecting against accidental ingestion.

Singlet oxygen can react with proteins, lipids, and other viral andmicrobial constituents over relatively short distances. To disinfectairborne viruses at a longer distance, the molecular ground state oxygencan travel at a relatively high velocity so that singlet oxygengenerated from a light activated photosensitizer formulation can travela larger distance (for example, up to 15 cm.) In at least someembodiments, at least one ultrasound transducer proximate to thephotosensitizer formulation can be used to propel the singlet oxygenmolecules. In at least some embodiments, air is propelled by ahigh-speed fan over a photosensitizer formulation which is stationary orconfined and exposed to light. As air is passed at relatively highvelocity over the photosensitizer formulation, the light activatedphotosensitizer formulation generates singlet oxygen which is thenpropelled by the fan. In at least some embodiments, a magnetic field isused to accelerate air over a photosensitizer formulation which isstationary or confined and exposed to light.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer formulation is containedwithin a hollow, malleable tube. In at least some embodiments, the tubecan be conformed while maintaining its lumen and does not crimp whenbent. In at least some embodiments, the tube outer diameter ranges from1.5 to 10 mm. In at least some embodiments, the tube contains multipleperforations (for example, perforations that are no more than 1.0 mm indiameter and spaced apart by 0.1 to 1.0 mm). In at least someembodiments, the tube can be placed in proximity to a user’s face andprovide a singlet oxygen cloud in the path of expected airflow upon userinspiration. In at least some embodiments, the tube is made of atransparent, gas-permeable, polymer that allows ambient light tophotoactivate the photosensitizer formulation in order to generatesinglet oxygen from ground state molecular oxygen. In at least someembodiments, the tube is, or can be, connected to a blower to distributethe singlet oxygen over a greater distance due to air egress from thetube perforations.

In at least some embodiments, surfactants or emulsifiers can be used toform bubbles containing singlet oxygen. In at least some embodiments,bubbles incorporating singlet oxygen are produced by passing air througha gas-permeable membrane incorporating a photosensitizer formulationthat is exposed to photoactivating light (for example, ambient light orlight from a LED or other light source). The photosensitizer formulationdiffuses into, or otherwise combines with, the surfactant or emulsion asthe surfactant or emulsion formulation is agitated to form bubbles. Theagitation process can create thin-walled bubbles which degrade, or “pop”releasing the singlet oxygen into the ambient atmosphere to producevirucidal or antimicrobial action. FIG. 2G illustrates a bubble maker 43(e.g., a bubbler) emitting bubbles 44 containing singlet oxygen 8 whichis released into the ambient air as the bubble 45 degrades.

In at least some embodiments, the bubbles containing singlet oxygen areejected or dispersed into air by a fan or a blower during the agitationprocess. In at least some embodiments, the fan or blower and thebubble-maker are positioned in front of the user. In at least someembodiments, a singlet oxygen bubbler with a dispersal mechanism candisinfect air, as well as surfaces in contact with the air includingsurfaces that are otherwise difficult to access.

In at least some embodiments, a device incorporates at least one lightsource capable of activating a photosensitizer formulation applied orembedded in a filter membrane. In at least some embodiments, thephotosensitizer formulation is illuminated by the light source and theresulting singlet oxygen diffuses into a surfactant or emulsifiersolution. This solution can be formed into bubbles. For example, one ormore blades are wet in the surfactant or emulsion solution and thenpositioned in front of the air flow of a fan or blower to createbubbles. Another example is a bubble ring that rotates into a surfactantor emulsion solution and then rotates in front of a fan or blower toeject bubbles into the air. When the bubble wall degrades, singletoxygen is released to encounter pathogenic microbes or viruses in theair.

In at least some embodiments, an air stream is generated by a fan or ablower which forces air through a transparent tube that contains, or hasan inner surface coated with, the photosensitizer formulation. Thetransparent tube is illuminated by ambient light or a light source, suchas an LED light array, which photoactivates the photosensitizerformulation to generate a singlet oxygen stream. In at least someembodiments, the air stream generated by the fan or blower isdehumidified by forcing the air stream though a dehumidifying agent ordesiccant, such as, for example, silica, calcium chloride, powderedcharcoal, or the like or any combination thereof. Dehumidifying the airmay reduce the quenching of singlet oxygen from singlet oxygencollisions with airborne water molecules and may increase singlet oxygentravel and volume of distribution.

FIG. 4A illustrates a blower 71 which generates an air stream passingthrough a desiccant layer 72. An air permeable tube 73 is attached tothe blower 71 and contains a photosensitizer formulation 74 within thetube or on the tube’s inner surface. Air dehumidified by the desiccant72 is forced through the tube 73 where singlet oxygen molecules 8 aregenerated by photoactivation of the photosensitizer formulation 74 byambient light or a light source, such as an LED 75. As illustrated inFIG. 4B, singlet oxygen molecules 8 in the form of a cloud are propelledfrom the mouth of polymeric tube 73 into the ambient air as indicated bythe directional arrow 76. A singlet oxygen molecule cloud 8′ binds withvirus particles 77 (or other microbes) to inactivate the airborne virusparticles 77.

In at least some embodiments, a battery-powered drone hovers above auser’s head to shower the user’s face with virucidal and microbicidalsinglet oxygen. The drone includes a photosensitizer formulationsupplied from a reservoir in the drone and dispersed onto a rotating fanwhich also serves as the hovering mechanism for the drone. Thephotosensitizer formulation is photoactivated by ambient light or alight source to generate singlet oxygen.

FIG. 5A illustrates a battery powered drone 78 hovering above users’heads 79. The drone 78 can shower the users’ faces and the space 80between them with virucidal and microbicidal singlet oxygen 8 generatedby a light source 81 (or ambient light) which photoactivates aphotosensitizer formulation supplied from an incorporated reservoir 82onto the rotating fan 83 which also serves as the hovering mechanism forthe drone.

In at least some embodiments, a drone is used to shower a user withsinglet oxygen bubbles (using, for example, the bubbler describedabove). In at least some embodiments, any of the drones described hereinare programmed to track follow the user’s movements to provideantimicrobial disinfection even when the user is mobile. FIG. 5Billustrates a drone 78 that showers a user 79 with singlet oxygen 8 andis programmed to track the user’s movements to provide antimicrobialdisinfection even when the user is mobile.

Methylene blue and other photosensitizers also fluoresce. A fluorescencedetector can include a light source that emits light within theabsorption spectra of the photosensitizer formulation and a detector fordetecting the fluorescence. In at last some embodiments, the detectorcan communicate physically or wirelessly to a smartphone or tablet orlaptop to provide the fluorescence measurement. In at least someembodiments, the measurement can be used to guide reapplication of thephotosensitizer formulation as singlet oxygen generation drops due tophotobleaching or to detect counterfeit photosensitizer formulationswith no or incorrect photoactive composition. Any suitable light sourcecan be used (such as a LED which may be powered by a battery). In atleast some embodiments, a lens is provided to focus the emitted light ona region of interest.

As an example, in at least some embodiments, an excitation light source(for example, a laser diode emitting at 665 nm) can be combined with a688 nm emission detector (to detect fluorescence of methylene blue inresponse to the excitation) to ascertain when methylene bluephotobleaching has occurred due to low emission signal. In at least someembodiments, the light source is a red LED with an overlying filterwhich limits the emitted light to 665-666 nm, and the detector is tunedto capture the 688 nm fluorescence emission with an optional filterenabling only the emitted fluorescence of methylene blue to be detectedby the detector.

In at least some embodiments, the excitation and detection devices arehoused in a small enclosure. In at least some embodiments, thisenclosure can be attached to a smartphone incorporating an app/softwareenabling a readout of the emitted light. In at least some embodiments,the emission and detection wavelengths are selected for detection ofanother photosensitizer that fluoresces. In at least some embodiments, adecrease of the fluorescent signal can indicate photobleaching and theneed for application of the photosensitizer formulation.

FIG. 2H illustrates a fluorescence detection device 46 that includes atleast one LED emitter 47 (or other light source) and at least onedetector 48. In at least some embodiments, the fluorescence detectiondevice 46 also includes a signal processor and transmitter 49 whichtransmits a signal 50 to a smartphone 51 or other device where thesignal is interpreted by the user for determination of photosensitizerformulation activity or photobleaching.

In at least some embodiments, an article includes a substrate; aphotosensitizer formulation disposed on or in the substrate; and afluorescent formulation coupled to, disposed on, or disposed in thesubstrate, wherein fluorescence of the fluorescent formulation isindicative of photobleaching of the photosensitizer formulation. In atleast some embodiments, the substrate is a piece of personal protectiveequipment. In at least some embodiments, the substrate is a mesh, net,netting, screen, or curtain of strands, fibers, or monofilaments. In atleast some embodiments, the fluorescent formulation includesfluorescein. In at least some embodiments, the fluorescent formulationis disposed on a strip or film attached to the substrate. In at leastsome embodiments, the article further includes a light source configuredto induce fluorescence of the fluorescent formulation. In at least someembodiments, the article further includes a detector configured toreceive and measure the fluorescence of the fluorescent formulation. Inat least some embodiments, the article further includes a device (forexample, a smart phone, cell phone, tablet, or laptop with anapplication) configured to receive the measurement of the fluorescencefrom the detector and provide an indication of the fluorescence or thephotobleaching to a user based on the measurement.

In at least some embodiments, the device can also be used to detectcounterfeit or imitation products not using a photosensitiveformulation. For example, a counterfeit product may incorporate anon-photoactive blue dye and be detectable as counterfeit due to thelack of a fluorescent signal or an incorrect fluorescent signal.

In at least some embodiments, a photosensitizer that is also a visiblefluorophore, such as, for example, indocyanine green (ICG) orfluorescein or a combination thereof, can be applied to a net, netting,mesh, mask, PPE, or other material or to a surface to be disinfected. Inat least some embodiments, this formulation can be applied to a flatdisc (or other shape) of material with a sticky backing protected by apeel away protector for ease of initial and repeat application of thedisc. Decrease in the fluorescence signal can be used to determinephotobleaching of the photosensitizer formulation and the need forreapplication of the photosensitizer formulation.

Fluorescein can be excited by a blue light source, such as a single bluelight emitting LED, or a white light source and will emit a visiblegreen, fluorescent light. ICG can be excited by a near infrared lightemitting LED around 800 nm. In at least some embodiments, a blue filmlight filter, such as a piece of blue colored cellophane or plasticfilm, is placed over a white light source, such as a LED incorporatedinto a smartphone or a small flashlight and used to induce visiblegreenish fluorescence from a fluorescein impregnated indicator. Thedegradation of the fluorescence visible to the naked eye is used as asurrogate indicator of photobleaching of the photosensitizer formulationand the need for replenishment of the photosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, one or more photosensitizers (such asmethylene blue) are combined with a fluorophore (such as fluorescein) asan indicator. The rate of decreased fluorescence can be correlated tothe rate of photobleaching of the photosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, a dry fluorescein formulation (forexample, a formulation having a fluorescein concentration ranging from0.1% to 0.0000001%) is applied to a paper strip, a film, a disc, orother object with a sticky backing. The paper strip, film, disc, orother object is applied to the surface of an object, such as PPE, with acoating of the photosensitizer formulation. A drop of water placed onthe surface of the paper strip or other film enables visualization offluorescently emitted light which is green to yellow green in ambientlight. The photobleaching rate of the fluorescein can be related to thephotobleaching rate of the photosensitizer formulation in that light andprovides a visible indicator of the photobleaching of thephotosensitizer formulation. When the visible emission of thefluorescein fades, the user can re-apply the photosensitizerformulation. In at least some embodiments, the fluorescein indicator isintermittently excited by a light source and the presence or absence ofemitted fluorescent light acts a guide to the need for re-application ofthe photosensitizer formulation.

In at least some embodiments, a light meter is incorporated into a smartphone, smart device, or other device to measure the ambient lightfluence rate and spectrum. In at least some embodiments, these readingscan be used to estimate singlet oxygen generation from a photosensitizerformulation that is coated or applied to a face mask, to a head net, ascreen or mesh, or a surface such as a user’s skin or an inanimatesurface to be disinfected. In at least some embodiments, the smartphone, smart device, or other device incorporates an app whichintegrates known rates of singlet oxygen generation from aphotosensitizer formulation coating in different light conditions andthe photobleaching rate. In at least some embodiments, in variablelighting conditions, for a given photosensitizer formulationconcentration and volume, a predicted rate of singlet oxygen productioncan be calculated by the app programming and displayed for the user.

In at least some embodiments, a selection of personal protectiveequipment is supplied as a kit that also contains a photosensitizerformulation dispenser with a quantity of photosensitizer formulation. Inat least some embodiments, the dispenser is contained in a child-proofcontainer or a pouch or bag. The personal protective equipment in thekit can include any or all of the following: protective garments, headcoverings (for example, a hat or helmet with an attached net or mesh),gloves (for example, nitrile gloves), face coverings (for example, eyeprotecting goggles or glasses, a mask, or other face covering), a bednet or other net (which may be washable or reusable), or the like or anycombination thereof.

For example, for a nursing home, or for an infected person quarantiningat home or being treated in a medical setting, a kit may include a bednet (which may be washable and reusable), a transparent screen (for useas an active antiviral shield between the patient and caregivers), aphotosensitizer formulation, an applicator, and a light source. Forschools or other sites, a kit could include at least one head net (sizedfor a child in the case of a school kit), a photosensitizer formulation,one or more adjustable screens which are free standing, and ariboflavin/hyaluronic acid disinfectant formulation for skin and surface(which may be provided in the form of wipes or in a dispenser.) Asanother example, a hospital visitor (or other individual) may be issueda kit containing a head net, a facemask, a gown, and gloves (or the likeor any combination thereof), all of which are coated with thephotosensitizer formulation. Such a kit may facilitate safer visitationby reducing risk of transmission by the visitor, if infected, to othersor by reducing risk of visitor infection by patients.

In at least some embodiments, a kit can include one or more nets,nettings, meshes, or screens with applied photosensitizer formulationalong with a support structure, such as rods or struts. The kit can beused to isolate infected patients or animals to reduce possibleinfection of other individuals or animals. In at least some embodiments,the kit contains head netting with applied photosensitizer formulation.The kit may also include additional photosensitizer formulation, anapplicator, and, optionally, a fluorescence detection arrangement thatenables a user to ascertain when photobleaching occurs. In at least someembodiments, the rods, struts, or head nets optionally incorporate atleast one LED, an array of LEDs, or any other suitable light source forphotoactivating the photosensitizer formulation. In at least someembodiments, the kit can be accessed for deployment on demand to preventviral and other pathogenic microbial transmission.

In at least some embodiments, nets, nettings, meshes, or screens can beplaced around non-living creatures or inanimate objects which mayharbor, or be contaminated with, pathogens. In at least someembodiments, this arrangement may reduce or prevent aerosolization intothe ambient environment of pathogens exposed to moving air or liquidsolutions. In at least some embodiments, potentially infectiousmicroorganisms can be inactivated or destroyed on the surface, orproximate to the surface, of the nets, nettings, meshes, or screens.

In at least some embodiments, a child-proof container or pouch can beused as a receptacle for the application of the photosensitizerformulation to a mask, face covering, net, netting, or mesh enablingeffective dispersal of the photosensitizer formulation onto the materialsurface and preventing or reducing spillage or unwanted aerosolizationof the photosensitizer into the ambient environment if administered as aspray. In at least some embodiments, a child-proof container or pouch issized to accommodate a face mask, a net or mesh head covering, or afolded screen or net and incorporates an inlet which conforms to themouth of a device or container with the photosensitizer formulation. Themouth of the device or container is the outlet through which thephotosensitizer formulation is delivered.

In at least some embodiments, if an outbreak occurs, deep cleaning offloors, walls, ceilings, equipment, tools, and other objects in theenvironment can be accomplished using photosensitizer formulations. Inat least some embodiments, the photosensitizer formulation is non-toxicor edible so that cleaning can occur without evacuation of inhabitantswhich could be required if using bleach, for example.

In at least some embodiments, antigen detection and immune cellreactivity can be assayed using saliva or analyzing the breath of theuser. For example, the assay may utilize functionalized graphene sensorswhich can be incorporated into the fabric of a mask or face covering.FIG. 6B illustrates one embodiment of mask 87 with a functionalizedgraphene sensor. In FIG. 6C, a mask 88 has been exposed to breathactivating the sensor.

In at least some embodiments, a fabric or mesh can be selected which canincorporate photochromic reactive molecules that admit a certainintensity range of light under most ambient light conditionsencountered. Limiting the intensity of light using the photochromictechnology can facilitate the photosensitizer activation process.

In at least some embodiments, the coloration of the fabric, net, or meshincorporating a photosensitizer formulation reflects the spectrum oflight most likely to be absorbed by the photosensitizer formulation.

Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable biopolymer derived bydeacetylation of chitin from a variety of sources including, but notlimited to, shrimp, crab, lobster shells, and mushrooms. In at leastsome embodiments, chitosan, or any suitable chitosan derivative, iscombined with at least one photosensitizer to form a photosensitizerformulation. Although any chitosan can be used, in at least someembodiments, the chitosan has low molecular weight 50,000 - 190,000 Da,medium molecular weight 190,000 - 310,000 Da, or high molecular weight310,000 - 375,000 Da. In at least some embodiments, the photosensitizeris selected from methylene blue, riboflavin, erythrosine, rose bengal,indocyanine green, curcumin, bergamot, or any combination thereof. In atleast some embodiments, the photosensitizer can be combined withchitosan, or any suitable chitosan derivative, using any suitabletechnique including, but not limited to, application of cold plasma,acidic chemical agents (such as, but not limited to, lactic acid, citricacid, acetic acid, or hydrochloric acid), basic chemical agents (such assodium hydroxide), heat, photochemical bonding, bioprinting, or anyother additive process.

In at least some embodiments, chitosan, or any suitable chitosanderivative, may take the form of a gel, film, fiber, scaffold, bead,hydrogel, particles, powder, tablet, granules, sponge, or the like orcan be incorporated into a textile or other material. In at least someembodiments, the chitosan, or any suitable chitosan derivative, resultsin textile or material that are breathable and hydrophobic. Thecombination of chitosan, or any suitable chitosan derivative, andphotosensitizer can provide for surface disinfection and immunogengeneration when used in light. Because chitosan is a charged substance(with the ability to capture viruses and other pathogens), lightweight,breathable, and hydrophobic, splash-resistant fabrics can be made. Thesefabrics may replace traditional impermeable, stiff, uncomfortable, andheat-retaining personal protective garments. In at least someembodiments, chitosan, or any suitable chitosan derivative, and one ormore photosensitizers can be combined in liquid formulations for use asa disinfectant spray.

In at least some embodiments, use data for antimicrobial products (forexample, masks, garments, headwear, nets, meshes, gloves, or the likeincorporating a photosensitizer formulation) is captured through aquestionnaire filled out by the user or other designated person todocument the use of the antimicrobial products. Information may include,but is not limited to, time of use, location of use, demographic data,anonymized personal health data, personal contacts, and related dataregarding local microbial transmission rates. In at least someembodiments, the questionnaire can be incorporated into an appdownloaded to a smartphone, tablet, or other convenient computing devicefor ease of use. In at least some embodiments, the questionnaire canalso ask if and when the user becomes symptomatic from an infectiousagent of interest.

In at least some embodiments, the data can be captured and transmittedfor analysis at a central location to ascertain product usage andeffectiveness in reducing infection rates in a particular setting orlocation. For example, in a nursing home located in an area where anoutbreak of a pathogenic microorganism has occurred, use of protectivePPE and other products incorporating a photosensitizer formulation canbe compared to a different nursing home also in the area with acomparable patient population and staffing. Data on usage and infectionrates can be used for product development, improvement, and for businesspurposes. In at least some embodiments, physiological data obtained fromwearables, such as smart watches, or from medical records can also becaptured and analyzed to ascertain not only infection rates, butseverity of infections and sequelae of infections, comparing use andnon-use of the antimicrobial products. In at least some embodiments, useof active antimicrobial PPE with applied photosensitizer formulation canbe compared to use of ordinary conventional PPE, as an example, toascertain infection reduction rate on a personal level, compare severityof infections, and to compare overall infection rates in the at-riskpopulations.

In at least some embodiments, a sensor can be incorporated into thepackaging or container containing the antimicrobial product. The sensordetects when the package is opened and the product deployed. In at leastsome embodiments, a radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag or chip canbe incorporated into the package or container. In at least someembodiments, the packaging or container can include a QR code orbarcode. In at least some embodiments, when the antimicrobial product isto be used, the RFID tag or chip, QR code, or barcode is scanned using ahandheld scanner or reader commonly utilized in medical settings todocument and track usage of medical equipment and drugs. The use of theantimicrobial products such as antiviral PPE or antiviral nets, meshes,or shields having the light-activated photosensitizer formulation, isdocumented. In at least some embodiments, the use timing and patternsare communicated to a central source using the RFID scanner or reader orby the personnel responsible for deploying the antimicrobial product. Atthe central source, the data is integrated and analyzed statistically todetermine efficacy of the antimicrobial products and to improve theproducts.

What is claimed as new and desired to be protected is:
 1. An article,comprising: a container that is arranged to pass one or more flows ofair through or across the container, wherein the container includes oneor more photosensitizer formulations; and wherein the one or morephotosensitizer formulations are activated by a presence of light andmolecular oxygen in the one or more flows of air to generatemicrobicidal singlet oxygen that is emitted into the flow of air passingthrough the container.
 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the containerfurther comprises: one or more chambers enclosed in the container,wherein the one or more photosensitizer formulations are disposed in theone or more chambers and exposed to the one or more flows of air throughthe container.
 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the container furthercomprises: one or more external surfaces that are arranged to accumulateand expose the one or more photosensitizers to the one or more flows ofair across the container.
 4. The article of claim 1, wherein thephotosensitizer formulation, further comprises: a physical format thatincludes one or more of a granulation, a solid, a powder, a gel, or aliquid.
 5. The article of claim 1, further comprising: one or more portsthat are disposed in one or more external surfaces of the container,wherein one or more dimensions of the one or more ports are arranged forpassage of the one or more flows of air through the container andretention of the one or more photosensitizer formulations disposedwithin the container; and wherein the one or more ports include one ormore of a perforation, a slit, or an orifice.
 6. The article of claim 1,wherein one or more portions of one or more external surfaces of thecontainer, further comprise: one or more of a transparent material, atranslucent material, or an optical lens that is arranged to transmitlight that is incident on the one or more portions of the one or moreexternal surfaces to the one or more photosensitizer formulations. 7.The article of claim 1, further comprising: one or more filters that arearranged for passage of the one or more flows of air through thecontainer and retention of the one or more photosensitizer formulationswithin the container.
 8. The article of claim 1, further comprising: oneor more light sources that are arranged to emit light that istransmitted to the one or more photosensitizer formulations.
 9. Thearticle of claim 1, wherein the container further comprises: one or morechannels that direct the one or more flows of air to the one or morephotosensitizer formulations that are disposed within the container. 10.The article of claim 1, wherein the container further comprises: a shapethat is arranged to fit over an outlet of a device that generates theone or more flows of air, wherein the shape includes one or more of acup, or a cap.
 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the container furthercomprises: a shape of the container that is substantially planar. 12.The article of claim 1, further comprising: a device that generates theone or more flows of air, wherein the device is arranged as one or moreof a blower, a bubbler, or a fan.
 13. The article of claim 1, furthercomprising: a housing that is arranged to direct the one or more flowsof air, wherein the housing includes one or more of a nozzle, duct,spout, valve, or a vent.
 14. The article of claim 1, wherein the one ormore photosensitizer formulations, further comprises: a compound that isinhalable, wherein activation of the compound by exposure to lightcauses emission of a scent.
 15. The article of claim 1, furthercomprising: a vessel that is arranged to dispense the one or morephotosensitizer formulations to the container, wherein the vesselincludes one or more of a propellant or other pressurization.
 16. Thearticle of claim 1, wherein the one or more photosensitizer formulationsfurther comprise: an antimicrobial preservative that is arranged toprevent microbial growth within the one or more photosensitizerformulations or the container.
 17. A system, comprising: a containerthat is arranged to pass a flow of air through the container, whereinthe container contains one or more photosensitizer formulations, whereinthe one or more photosensitizer formulations are activated by a presenceof light and molecular oxygen in the flow of air, and wherein theactivation generates microbicidal singlet oxygen that is emitted in theflow of air passing through the container; and wherein the container isadapted for coupling to an output of a device that generates the flow ofair.
 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising: a housing that iscoupled to the device to direct the flow of air, wherein the housingincludes one or more of a nozzle, duct, spout, valve, or a vent.
 19. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the device further comprises: one or more ofa blower, a bubbler, or a fan.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein thedevice further comprises: a propellor that provides the flow of air,wherein the device is arranged as an airborne device propelled by thepropellor.